2021-12-23-联合国贸易发展委员会-新冠疫情对海洋经济和贸易战略的影响及启示（英）_87页_7mb

报告摘要

Economic Contraction: COVID-19 triggered the largest economic contraction on record (−3.5% in 2020), halving international trade, and causing an estimated loss of 255 million full-time jobs. It disproportionately affected vulnerable groups such as small-scale fishers and women working in the ocean economy.
Sector Impacts: Fishing, aquaculture, and coastal tourism were severely disrupted. Lockdowns restricted access to the ocean, reduced demand (both domestic and export), and led to significant price declines. Supply chain issues, from fish stocks to processing inputs and transportation, increased production costs.
Governance & Science: Travel restrictions and financial reallocation reduced capacity for monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS), hindering efforts to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Ocean science data collection was hampered.
Recovery Focus: The pandemic necessitated innovative recovery strategies, accelerating the adoption of digital technologies and promoting clean/green technologies, but formalin developing countries faces implementation challenges.

Impacts: Severe blow to tourism (40% drop in arrivals), fishing restricted early on, and price decreases due to reduced demand and closures. Employment, GDP, and the number of jobless persons increased significantly.
Mitigation: Teleworking, online consultations, relaxed regulations (e.g., fishing licenses), cash transfers, promotion of domestic consumption, and infrastructure upgrades (e.g., fish market renovations).

Impacts: Tourism collapse (75% fall in visitor numbers) severely affected coastal communities reliant on eco-tourism and conservation revenue. Fisheries suffered due to US export closures and depressed prices.
Mitigation: Unemployment relief programs, sectoral guidelines, capacity building initiatives, and support for sustainable practices.

Impacts: High dependency on US export markets and tourism led to significant export volume drops (70%) and GDP contraction (4.5%). Supply chain disruption affected input availability and operational capacity.
Mitigation: Digitalization, regulatory flexibility, social protection programs, and promotion of intra-regional markets. Costly investment in aquaculture management and infrastructure identified to be scaled up.

Common Challenges: Heavy reliance on single markets (esp. US and Europe), overexploitation of fish stocks, limited scientific research, informality in the sector, and inadequate financing for enforcement and MCS.
Emerging Opportunities:
- Diversification into domestic/regional markets and new product types.
- Sustainable and income-generating marine aquaculture (e.g., bivalves, seaweed).
- Promotion of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism.
- Leveraging digitalization for resilience and market access.
- Strengthening governance and management through scientific research-based policies.
Key Recommendations:
- Diversify Markets: Explore regional and new global markets; adapt products to meet evolving consumer demands.
- Invest in Sustainable Aquaculture: Formulate enabling policies and incentives to attract private investment.
- Adopt Digital Technologies: Upgrade digital connectivity and skills; leverage ICT for efficiency, data collection, and e-commerce.
- Reform Fisheries Governance: Implement science-based management, enforce MCS rigorously, promote co-management schemes.
- Embrace Sustainability: Prioritize green/blue technologies; align post-pandemic recovery frameworks and development goals with the 2030 Agenda.