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Summary of Disaster Risk Management and Gender: The Case of Jamaica

Core Content

This document explores the intersection of disaster risk management (DRM) and gender in Jamaica, highlighting how gender disparities affect exposure, preparedness, and coping capacity during disasters. It aims to inform the development of more inclusive and effective DRM policies, programs, and projects by identifying key gender gaps and suggesting targeted interventions.

Main Points

Gender Inequalities in Exposure and Vulnerability to Disasters

• Health and Education: Women and girls are disproportionately affected by mental health issues and GBV during disasters, while men tend to engage in riskier behaviors. Jamaica has higher maternal mortality and adolescent pregnancy rates, which are exacerbated during disasters. Women also bear a heavier burden in water collection and caregiving, increasing their vulnerability.
• Nutrition and Livelihoods: Disasters disrupt livelihoods, agriculture, and fisheries, which disproportionately affect women and children, especially in female-headed households (FHHs). These groups face greater challenges in accessing food and nutrition.
• Economic Vulnerabilities: Women have higher unemployment rates and face barriers in accessing financial resources and credit. They are also more likely to be engaged in non-conventional, lower-paying jobs, which limits their economic resilience.

Gender Inequalities in Preparedness

• Early Warning Systems (EWS): There is a lack of gender-disaggregated data on how men and women use EWS and respond to disaster alerts. Women often rely on social media and family networks for information, while men use TV.
• Knowledge Gaps: The preparation for disasters in Jamaica does not adequately account for gender-specific needs. Marginalized groups, such as disabled women and LGBTQ populations, are at risk of exclusion from DRM processes.
• Internet Access: Women in Jamaica have greater access to the internet than men, but this does not necessarily translate into better preparedness. There is a gap in access by income, with poorer households still disadvantaged.

Gender Inequalities in Coping Capacity

• Remittances: Women are the primary recipients of remittances, especially in FHHs. However, further research is needed to understand the full impact of these remittances on recovery strategies.
• Livelihoods and Jobs: Men are more likely to be employed in post-disaster reconstruction and migration, whereas women often remain in domestic or informal jobs. This reinforces existing gender roles and limits their economic recovery.
• Savings and Social Protection: While Jamaica has made progress in closing gender gaps in access to financial services, there are still disparities in financial resilience. Social protection programs, such as the Programme of Advancement through Health and Education (PATH), have coverage gaps and inadequate payments for vulnerable groups, particularly women.
• Migration Patterns: Younger people with skills and family ties in other regions are more likely to migrate after disasters. The document calls for further analysis of how migration affects different female groups, especially considering urban-rural differences.

Key Recommendations

The following recommendations aim to improve gender inclusivity in DRM and climate resilience in Jamaica:

1. Data Collection:

   • Collect more sex-disaggregated data on disaster impacts, including health, education, and economic outcomes.
   • Improve data on GBV, access to shelters, and use of EWS by different genders and vulnerable groups.

2. DRM and Climate Change Policies:

   • Develop more specific DRM policies that address women's needs and integrate gender into disaster response and recovery planning.
   • Include gender-based violence (GBV) in DRM policy frameworks.

3. Provision of Health Services:

   • Ensure access to quality health services for pregnant women and children, especially during and after disasters.
   • Address mental health and GBV in disaster contexts.

4. Balance Between Productive and Reproductive Activities:

   • Support women in managing caregiving responsibilities and provide opportunities for them to engage in productive activities.

5. Employment, Livelihoods, and Social Protection:

   • Improve access to training and non-conventional jobs for women.
   • Strengthen social protection mechanisms to better target FHHs and ensure adequate support for recovery.

6. Gender-Based Violence (GBV):

   • Enhance coordination among actors to address GBV during disasters.
   • Update shelter protocols and improve data collection on GBV prevalence.

7. Women's Participation in DRM Activities:

   • Increase women's involvement in DRM decision-making and implementation.
   • Use community-based approaches, such as community hazard mapping, to better identify risks and critical infrastructure.

8. Gender-Sensitive Early Warning Systems (EWS):

   • Ensure EWS are designed with gender considerations in mind.
   • Include marginalized groups in EWS design and implementation to ensure their voices are heard and their needs are addressed.

Conclusion

Jamaica faces significant gender gaps in DRM and climate resilience, which affect exposure, preparedness, and coping capacity. These gaps are rooted in social norms, economic disparities, and institutional shortcomings. Addressing these issues through targeted data collection, policy reform, and inclusive practices can lead to more equitable and effective disaster risk management strategies.