20121231-IEA-Oil_and_Gas_Emergency_Policy_France_2012_25页_1mb

报告摘要

Summary of France's Energy Outlook and Oil & Natural Gas Policies

Core Content

France has minimal domestic oil and natural gas production, relying heavily on imports for both energy sources. The country has a diversified import base, with crude oil and refined products supplied via sea ports, pipelines, and LNG terminals. Energy security is a key concern, with the government implementing various measures to ensure supply stability during emergencies.

Key Figures

Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) in 2010 was 266.8 Mtoe, up 3.25% from 2009 but still lower than 2005 levels.
Oil accounted for 29% of TPES in 2010, down from 31% in 2009.
Natural Gas made up 16% of TPES, with relatively flat demand expected until 2020.
Oil Import Dependency was 98.3% in 2011, with net imports at 1,761 kb/d.
Natural Gas Import Dependency was 98.6% in 2011, with net imports at 40,932 mcm/y.

1. Energy Outlook

France's TPES has declined since 2005, primarily due to the economic crisis of 2007-2008 and the shift towards nuclear and natural gas.
Nuclear energy increased from 2% in 1973 to 42% of TPES in 2010.
Oil demand has been decreasing since 1999, with a notable acceleration since 2008.
The French Administration forecasts a 20% decrease in oil demand from 2005 to 2020.

2. Oil

2.1 Market Features and Key Issues

Domestic oil production is low, contributing only 1–2% of imports, and has been declining steadily.
Net oil imports in 2010 were 2,116 kb/d, or about 98% of domestic consumption.
Crude oil imports are diversified, with 43% from OPEC (notably Libya and Saudi Arabia) and 32% from the former USSR.
Refined product imports are mostly from OECD countries (85% from Europe) and the former USSR (30%).

2.2 Oil Supply Infrastructure

France had 11 refineries in 2011, with Total operating 5 and Esso and Ineos/Petrochina operating 2 and 1, respectively.
Refining capacity declined from 98 Mt/y to 68.7 Mt/y between 2010 and 2012.
Crude oil pipelines include the SPSE (from Fos to Karlsruhe) and the PLIF (Le Havre to Grandpuits), with SPSE utilisation dropping significantly.
Product pipelines such as LHP, DMM, PMR, and ODC support distribution to key regions.
A new PSM pipeline between Manosque and Etang-de-Berre was developed to increase drawdown capacity for stored crude and refined products.

2.3 Decision-making Structure for Oil Emergencies

The Minister of Industry, Energy and the Digital Economy oversees energy security.
The DGEC/DE (Directorate for Energy) is responsible for oil and gas supply security, emergency response plans, and managing the NESO (National Emergency Strategy Organisation).
NESO can mobilise resources from the CPSSP/SAGESS agency and the DGEC/DE.
There is no NESO Handbook or published procedures, but regular training is provided through responding to domestic emergencies.
The DGEC collects and audits stock data monthly, and has authority to request additional information during emergencies.

2.4 Stocks

Stockholding obligation is 29.5% of the previous year's oil consumption (about 90 IEA days).
France consistently meets its 90-day IEA obligation, but holds minimal excess storage.
SAGESS manages strategic reserves, holding 4 Mt of crude oil and 7.7 Mt of oil products across over 100 depots.
Industry held stocks make up ~28 days of consumption, with 44% of obligations held directly by refiners.
Stock drawdown can be initiated through political decision and is managed via various mechanisms including stock exchange, loans, release authorisation, and ticketing.

3. Other Measures

3.1 Demand Restraint

France has a variety of demand restraint measures, including voluntary and compulsory actions.
These measures are used to reduce oil consumption during supply emergencies, especially in the transport and industrial sectors.

3.2 Fuel Switching

Fuel switching is encouraged to reduce oil dependence, particularly in electricity generation and industry.
Natural gas is increasingly used for electricity generation and industrial purposes, with a decline in residential use expected.

3.3 Others

Regulatory measures and market competition play a significant role in shaping the oil market.
Supermarkets/hypermarkets have increased their presence in the motor fuel market, owning ~40% of filling stations in 2009.
The number of filling stations has declined by 22% since 2000, with competition and regulation as key drivers.

4. Natural Gas

4.1 Market Features and Key Issues

Natural gas accounts for 16% of TPES and is used primarily in industry, residential, and electricity generation.
Demand is expected to remain relatively flat until 2020, with a decline in residential and growth in industrial and electricity generation.
Net imports were 40,932 mcm/y in 2011, with import dependency at 98.6%.

4.2 Natural Gas Supply Infrastructure

Natural gas is imported via LNG terminals, crude oil pipelines, and product pipelines.
The Natural Gas Grid is well developed, connecting various regions and supporting distribution and storage.
Natural Gas Storage Capacity includes both public and private facilities, with strategic reserves held by SAGESS and other agencies.

4.3 Emergency Policy for Natural Gas

The DGEC/DE is responsible for emergency planning and response for natural gas.
Emergency measures include stock exchange, loans, and release authorisation, similar to the oil sector.
Strategic reserves are managed by SAGESS, with ticketing and bilateral agreements providing flexibility in case of reduced consumption.

Key Information

Oil and natural gas are central to France's energy mix but are heavily import-dependent.
Emergency preparedness relies on strategic stockholding, industry cooperation, and flexible response mechanisms.
Infrastructure includes refineries, pipelines, and storage facilities, but refining capacity has been declining.
Market liberalisation and tax policies influence consumer behavior and fuel choice.
Government and industry collaboration is key to ensuring supply security and responding to crises.