20120831-IEA-Oil_and_Gas_Emergency_Policy_Finland_2012_update_21页_1mb

报告摘要

Finland Energy Overview Summary

Core Content

Finland is a country with no domestic oil or natural gas production, relying entirely on imports for both energy sources. Oil accounts for 26% of Finland's total primary energy supply (TPES) in 2010, while natural gas contributes 11%. Renewable energy sources also saw a significant rise, reaching 26% of TPES in the same year. Nuclear energy provides 17%, and coal contributes 19%.

Key Oil Information

Oil Demand:
- Slightly increased from 202 kb/d in 2000 to 223 kb/d in 2007, then decreased to 209 kb/d in 2011.
- In 2010, the transport sector consumed 47% of total oil, the industry sector 23%, and the transformation/energy sector 14%.
Product Demand Trends:
- Diesel demand increased by 23% from 2002 to 2011.
- Gasoline demand decreased by 12%.
- Heating oil/other gasoil and residential fuels dropped by 32% and 46% respectively.
- Naphtha, kerosene, LPG, and ethane saw increases of over 35%.
Import Dependency:
- Finland is 100% dependent on oil imports.
- In 2011, 89% of crude oil imports came from Russia, with the rest from Norway.
- Refined product imports in 2011 came from Russia (53%), India (8%), Kazakhstan (8%), and Sweden (8%).
Refined Product Exports:
- Finland was a net exporter of refined products in 2011, exporting around 154 kb/d, with 30% shipped to Sweden.
Refinery Capacity:
- Total crude distillation capacity is around 265 kb/d (Porvoo: 206 kb/d, Naantali: 58.5 kb/d).
- In 2011, total crude throughputs averaged 231 kb/d, indicating over 85% capacity utilization.
- Refined product output was 302.5 kb/d, with 46% gas/diesel oil, 31% gasoline, 8% residual fuel oil, and 4% LPG.
Import Composition:
- In 2011, crude oil imports were 217 kb/d, NGLs and feedstock 16 kb/d, and refined products 110 kb/d.
Future Projections:
- Oil demand is expected to decrease to 7.7 Mtoe (157 kb/d) in 2020 and to 6.9 Mtoe (140 kb/d) in 2035.
- 6% of transport fuels must be bio-components, mostly imported.

Oil Supply Infrastructure

Import Terminals:
- Finland has six main oil import terminals, with Porvoo and Naantali terminals owned by Neste Oil.
- Porvoo terminal has a crude oil import capacity of 304 kb/d, and Naantali 81 kb/d.
Transport Routes:
- Over 91% of feedstock for Neste Oil's refineries is supplied by sea, 7% by rail, and the rest by road.
- 70% of refined products are shipped by sea to domestic customers.
Storage Capacity:
- Total storage capacity is over 63 million barrels (10 million cubic metres), mainly in 25 coastal and inland facilities.
- Around two-thirds of storage is underground rock caverns.
- NESA owns more than half of the storage capacity necessary for public stocks.

Emergency Policy for Oil

Stockholding Obligations:
- Finland meets IEA obligations by holding government stocks and imposing a minimum stock obligation on industry.
- The government requires five months of stockholding for oil, natural gas, and coal.
- Industry is required to hold two months of stocks based on previous year's average imports.
Stock Composition:
- In April 2012, Finland held 29 mb of oil stocks (10 mb government, 19 mb industry), equating to 148 days of net imports.
- Middle distillates made up 65% of public stocks, followed by crude oil (29%) and motor gasoline (6%).
- Industry stocks were mainly middle distillates (26%), followed by crude oil (20%), NGL & feedstocks (20%), residual fuel oil (12%), and motor gasoline (9%).
Decision-Making Structure:
- The Department of Energy in the Ministry of Employment and the Economy forms the core of NESO.
- NESA manages public oil emergency reserves and can authorize the use of industry stocks in case of risk.
Stock Drawdown:
- Public stocks can be released during supply disruptions, with a maximum drawdown rate of 50 kb/d in the second week, increasing to 70 kb/d by the fifth week and 100 kb/d by the ninth week.
- The government must decide on stock release, and NESA releases them through public tenders.
Costs and Funding:
- Storage costs vary between 10 Euros per tonne (caverns) and 25 Euros per tonne (tank farms).
- Public stockpiling is funded by the Precautionary stock fee, which is collected by Finnish Customs and passed to NESA.
- The total annual budget of NESA is around 50 million Euros, with 20% allocated to energy resource stockholding.

Natural Gas

Gas Demand:
- Increased from 0.5 bcm in 1974 to 5 bcm in 2005, then slightly decreased to 4.7 bcm in 2010.
Import Dependency:
- Finland is entirely dependent on natural gas imports, mainly from Russia via twin-pipelines.
Natural Gas Consumption:
- In 2010, the industry sector consumed 553 mcm, residential 31 mcm, and others 22 mcm.
Stockholding for Fuel Switching:
- Industry, gas plants, and municipal users consuming above a certain amount are required to hold alternative fuel stocks for three months.
- NESA holds alternative fuel stocks for gas disruptions, aiming to cover five months of consumption.
- Substitute fuels for gas include light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, and propane gas.

Emergency Policy for Natural Gas

Stockholding Obligations:
- Gas importers, gas plants, and municipal users with high consumption are required to hold alternative fuel stocks for three months.
- NESA holds alternative fuel stocks and can decide their quantities based on government objectives.
Fuel Switching:
- The Porvoo refinery is planned to use LPG stocks in case of natural gas disruptions.
- Small amounts of domestically liquefied LNG can also be used during gas disruptions.
Monitoring and Compliance:
- NESA conducts regular audits to ensure compliance with stock obligations.
- No serious non-compliance has occurred in recent years.

Other Measures

Demand Restraint:
- Considered a secondary measure, only used in case of long-term severe supply disruptions.
- Includes light-handed measures (e.g., lowering room temperature, limiting ventilation) and heavy-handed measures (e.g., lowering speed limits, rationing fuels).
Fuel Switching:
- Limited potential, with an estimated capacity of 3% of total oil consumption.
- Only relevant for the industry and transformation sectors.
Surge Production:
- Not considered an emergency response measure due to lack of domestic production.