2014年-世界发展银行全球_Climate-resilient_Climate-friendly_World_Heritage_Cities_56页_2mb

Summary of Climate-resilient, Climate-friendly World Heritage Cities

Core Content

This report explores the intersection of climate change and urban development in World Heritage Cities (WHC), emphasizing the need for resilience and sustainability in these culturally significant urban areas. It outlines the challenges and opportunities for mitigating climate risks and reducing carbon emissions in WHC, while also discussing the financial mechanisms available to support these efforts. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the geographic distribution of WHC, their vulnerability to climate change, and case studies of cities that have implemented climate action plans.

Main Points

1. World Heritage Cities: A Special Set of Urban Centers

• WHC are recognized by UNESCO for their "Outstanding Universal Value" and represent a unique subset of historic cities.
• There are 237 WHC globally, accounting for about one fourth of all World Heritage Sites.
• These cities are spread across different regions, with the highest concentration in Europe and North America, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific, the Arab States, and Africa.
• WHC are part of larger urban agglomerations, and their historic cores have become increasingly integrated into the broader urban fabric.

2. Climate Change Risks for World Heritage Cities

• WHC face a range of climate-related risks, including sea-level rise, storm surges, coastal erosion, extreme precipitation, heat waves, and landslides.
• These risks are compounded by natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis, which are not directly linked to climate change but increase overall vulnerability.
• The vulnerability of WHC is higher than that of modern cities due to their fragile urban fabric and historic buildings.
• In developed countries, WHC are often inhabited by higher-income residents with robust institutional support, whereas in emerging and developing economies, they are frequently home to poorer populations with limited resources for conservation.

3. Carbon Emissions from World Heritage Cities

• $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ emissions are a primary cause of climate change and are closely tied to energy consumption in urban areas.
• WHC tend to have lower per capita carbon emissions due to their compact structure, mixed land use, and energy-efficient design.
• Historic buildings are often designed with passive systems and materials that provide thermal inertia, making them well-adapted to local climates.
• The report suggests that these characteristics can be leveraged to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.

4. Financing Climate Resilience and GHG Abatement in WHC

• Financial resources for WHC conservation and rehabilitation come from local and national budgets, as well as private investments.
• Integrating climate resilience and GHG reduction into urban development and conservation planning can open up new funding opportunities.
• The World Bank has invested over $1.8 billion in projects related to WHC in the past four decades, contributing to their conservation and development.
• Concessional financing for climate action is increasingly being directed to sub-national governments, including WHC.

5. Case Studies of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in WHC

• The report includes case studies from Paris, Tunis, Edinburgh, Mexico City, Hué, and Quito, highlighting their specific climate challenges and responses.
• These cities have implemented various adaptation and mitigation strategies, such as improving urban infrastructure, managing private vehicle demand, and promoting sustainable transportation.
• Climate action plans in WHC often address both adaptation and mitigation, integrating them into broader urban development and conservation efforts.

Key Information

• Geographic Distribution: WHC are distributed across five regions, with the largest number in Europe and North America, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific, the Arab States, and Africa.

• Risk Exposure: The report uses the Global Risk Data Platform to assess the vulnerability of WHC to natural hazards and climate change, ranking them based on multi-hazard, flood, and landslide risks.

• Top 10 WHC by Multi-hazard Risk:

  1. Hué (Viet Nam)
  2. Aleppo (Syrian Arab Republic)
  3. Cartagena (Colombia)
  4. Amsterdam (Netherlands)
  5. Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  6. Morelia (Mexico)
  7. Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
  8. Paris (France)
  9. Lima (Peru)
  10. Vilnius (Lithuania)

• Top 10 WHC by Flood Risk:

  1. Hué (Viet Nam)
  2. Aleppo (Syrian Arab Republic)
  3. Kandy (Sri Lanka)
  4. Baku (Azerbaijan)
  5. Hoi An (Viet Nam)
  6. Lima (Peru)
  7. Cartagena (Colombia)
  8. Saint-Louis (Senegal)
  9. Moscow (Russian Federation)
  10. Luang Prabang (Lao People's Democratic Republic)

• Top 10 WHC by Landslide Risk:

  1. Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  2. Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
  3. Dubrovnik (Croatia)
  4. Oporto (Portugal)
  5. Cuenca (Ecuador)
  6. Antigua (Guatemala)
  7. San Marino (Republic of San Marino)
  8. San Cristobal (Spain)
  9. Berat (Albania)
  10. Macao (China)

• Key Recommendations:

  • Climate action plans should address the entire urban agglomeration, not just the historic core.
  • Resilience and adaptation should be integrated into urban development and conservation plans.
  • Future climate scenarios should be incorporated into planning to ensure preparedness.
  • Mitigation efforts should be combined with adaptation strategies to maximize co-benefits.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of WHC as both cultural and economic assets and highlights the need for coordinated, multi-level efforts to address climate risks and promote sustainable urban development. It serves as a guide for cities globally to develop and implement climate-resilient and climate-friendly strategies that protect their heritage while supporting their future growth and sustainability.