世界经济论坛-可持续道路运输和定价（英）-2021.11-25页_4mb
报告摘要
Summary of "Sustainable Road Transport and Pricing"
Core Content
This white paper explores the concept of sustainable road transport through the lens of pricing mechanisms, emphasizing the need for transparent, equitable, and financially resilient pricing models. It outlines how traditional pricing systems have failed to account for the full societal, environmental, and economic impacts of road use, and argues for the implementation of revised pricing schemes that reflect these costs.
Main Goals of Sustainable Mobility
- Equitable: Ensure fair and accessible mobility for all communities, including marginalized groups.
- Clean: Promote zero-emission and environmentally friendly transport options.
- Financially Resilient: Improve the financial sustainability of transport systems by better reflecting the true cost of road use.
Key Views
- Pricing as a Tool: Pricing mechanisms can be used to influence travel behavior, reduce congestion, and promote sustainable mobility by aligning costs with societal and environmental impacts.
- Societal Impact: Road pricing should support the efficient and safe access to essential services for underserved communities, particularly those in "mobility deserts."
- Environmental Impact: Pricing should incentivize the use of low or zero-emission vehicles and help achieve environmental targets such as net-zero carbon emissions and reduced pollution.
- Economic Impact: Pricing should help manage scarce infrastructure resources, improve travel times, and ensure that the full lifecycle costs of infrastructure are covered.
Types of Transport Costs
| Cost Type | Description | Source of Cost | Negative Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Costs | Costs associated with building and maintaining infrastructure | Taxes and/or user fees | - Lack of integrated planning<br>- Increased population density |
| - Maintenance costs of road and parking infrastructure | Taxes and/or user fees | - Increased population density | |
| Indirect Costs | Costs related to societal effects of road use | Not included in user fees | - Lack of equitable mobility options<br>- Land value depreciation<br>- Difficult to quantify |
Reactions to Pricing Mechanisms
Pricing mechanisms can lead to various user responses, including:
- Time Shifting: Changing travel times to avoid peak hours or longer trips.
- Route Shifting: Altering travel routes to avoid high-priced areas.
- Mode Shifting: Switching to alternative modes of transport, such as public transit or cycling.
- Avoidance: Giving up travel due to lack of alternatives or affordability issues.
These responses highlight the importance of designing pricing systems that consider the broader mobility system and its users.
Implementation Mechanisms and Technology
- Marginal-Cost Pricing: This approach aims to set prices equal to the marginal cost of road use, which can vary based on time, location, vehicle type, and occupancy level.
- Dynamic Pricing: Prices change in real time based on demand and usage, which can help manage congestion and optimize resource allocation.
- Technology Integration: Smart charging systems, automatic number plate recognition, and real-time data can support the implementation of more efficient and responsive pricing models.
International Case Studies
| City | Pricing Mechanism | Time to Prepare | Motor Vehicle Trip Reduction | GHG Reduction | Travel Time Improvement | Annual Revenue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stockholm | Congestion tax | 4 years | 22% | 14% | 33% reduction in delays | $150 million |
| London | Congestion Charge and Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) | 3 years (CC), 13 years (ERP) | 30% charged, 16% all | 17% | 30% reduction in delays | $230 million |
| Singapore | Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) | 13 years | 44% initially, additional 15% with new technology | 15% | Price adjustments manage speeds to targets | $100 million |
| Milan | Low Emission Zone (LEZ) | 2 years | 34% | 22% | 30% reduction in delays | $20 million |
| Gothenburg | Congestion Charge | 9 years | 12% | 2.5% | 10-20% faster in corridors | $90 million |
Lessons Learned
- Time and Planning: Successful pricing schemes require extensive planning and time, often spanning several years.
- Public Acceptance: Involving communities in the planning process and using pilot programs to demonstrate benefits can increase public acceptance.
- Technology Role: The use of technology, such as smart charging and automatic number plate recognition, is essential for the implementation of dynamic and differentiated pricing.
Conclusion
The paper calls for the acceleration of sustainable road transport through the revision of pricing mechanisms that reflect the full societal, environmental, and economic costs of road use. It advocates for the integration of pricing into comprehensive mobility plans and emphasizes the need for a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to ensure that these changes are equitable, clean, and financially resilient. The example of Singapore shows that centralized algorithms can successfully implement and update pricing in real time, offering a model for other cities to follow.
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