2015年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Ethiopia_Country_Profile_2015_13页_3mb

Ethiopia 2015 Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Enterprise Surveys (ES) conducted by the World Bank Group provide insights into the business environment and firm performance in Ethiopia, based on responses from 848 private firms in the non-agricultural, formal sector. The survey covers a wide range of topics, including firm characteristics, workforce data, performance metrics, infrastructure, international trade, access to finance, crime, informality, regulations, taxes, and corruption. The results are compared with regional averages and similar-income economies to highlight key challenges and opportunities.

Key Topics Covered

1. Firm Characteristics

• Age Distribution: The average age of firms in Ethiopia is 12.5 years, with small firms averaging 9.5 years and large firms 20.0 years.
• Ownership and Management:
  • 36.2% of firms have female participation in ownership.
  • Only 4.5% of firms have female top managers.
  • Female representation among permanent full-time workers is 27.8%, with a slightly higher proportion in non-production roles (33.9%).
• Workforce Composition:
  • 20.8% of firms offer formal training.
  • 27.1% of workers in manufacturing receive formal training.
  • Top managers in Ethiopia have an average of 13.5 years of experience in their sector.

2. Firm Performance

• Growth Metrics:
  • Real annual sales growth is 4.4%.
  • Annual employment growth is 8.9%.
• Performance varies across firm sizes:
  • Small firms: 4.4% sales growth, 7.0% employment growth.
  • Medium firms: 3.8% sales growth, 12.1% employment growth.
  • Large firms: 6.6% sales growth, 9.7% employment growth.

3. Physical Infrastructure

• Electricity:
  • Average of 8.2 electrical outages per month.
  • Losses due to outages amount to 4.6% of annual sales.
  • It takes an average of 194.3 days to obtain an electrical connection.
• Water:
  • Average of 2.7 water insufficiencies per month.
  • No significant difference in water issues across firm sizes.

4. International Trade

• Export and Import Activity:
  • 8.9% of firms export directly or indirectly (at least 1% of sales).
  • 36.7% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Customs Delays:
  • Average of 7.7 days to clear direct exports through customs.
  • Average of 19.2 days to clear imports through customs.

5. Access to Finance

• Financial Services Utilization:
  • 92.6% of firms have a checking or savings account.
  • 32.8% of firms have a bank loan or line of credit.
• Financing Sources:
  • 83.3% of investment is internally financed.
  • 7.8% is financed by banks.
  • Only 0.3% is financed by supplier credit.
  • 0.8% is financed by equity or stock sales.

6. Crime and Informality

• Security Costs:
  • Security costs account for 0.6% of annual sales.
  • Losses due to theft and vandalism are 0.2% of annual sales.
• Informality:
  • 23.1% of firms compete with unregistered or informal firms.
  • 95.6% of firms were formally registered when they started operations.

7. Regulations, Permits, and Taxes

• Regulatory Burden:
  • Senior management spends 11.9% of their time dealing with government regulations.
  • 1.6 visits or meetings with tax officials are required per firm annually.
• Permit Delays:
  • It takes an average of 47.5 days to obtain a construction-related permit.
  • 12.8 days to obtain an import license.
  • 5.4 days to obtain an operating license.

8. Corruption

• Bribery Incidence:
  • 26.8% of firms experience at least one bribe payment request.
  • 51.2% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain a construction permit.
  • 19.7% expect to give gifts to secure government contracts.
  • 17.4% expect to give gifts during meetings with tax officials.

Key Business Environment Obstacles

The following are the top obstacles identified by firms in Ethiopia, compared to regional and income group averages:

Main Findings and Insights

• Access to finance is the most significant obstacle, with over 40% of firms in Ethiopia citing it as their main challenge.
• Informality is a major concern, with 23.1% of firms facing competition from informal entities.
• Corruption and customs regulations are also significant challenges, especially for small and medium firms.
• Electricity reliability and water supply are critical for firm operations, with both issues affecting productivity and profitability.
• Female participation in ownership and management is relatively low, with only 36.2% of firms having female ownership and 4.5% having female top managers.
• Workforce training is limited, with only 20.8% of firms offering formal training, and a low proportion of workers trained in the manufacturing sector.
• Regulatory compliance takes a considerable amount of time and resources, particularly for small and medium firms.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Survey highlights Ethiopia's challenges in creating a supportive business environment. While the country has made progress in some areas, such as access to financial services and formal registration, significant obstacles like access to finance, corruption, and infrastructure reliability remain. These issues affect firm performance, growth, and competitiveness, and are more pronounced for smaller firms. Addressing these challenges is crucial for fostering a more inclusive and productive private sector in Ethiopia.