2011年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Peru_Country_Profile_2010_15页_878kb

Peru Country Profile 2010 Summary

Core Content Overview

The Peru Country Profile 2010 is part of the World Bank Group's Enterprise Surveys, which evaluate the business environment and firm productivity across different sectors and firm sizes. These surveys are conducted in collaboration with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and COMPETE Caribbean, and provide qualitative and quantitative data on various aspects of the business environment.

The report focuses on Peru's position within the Latin America & Caribbean region and the Lower Middle Income income group, comparing key indicators with regional and income group averages. It highlights the challenges firms face in terms of corruption, regulations, taxes, infrastructure, trade, crime, informality, finance, and innovation.

Main Topics and Key Indicators

1. Business Environment Obstacles

• Top 10 Constraints: Firms in Peru face significant challenges, including corruption, inefficient regulations, and bureaucratic delays.
• Top 3 Constraints by Firm Size:
  • Small firms face higher delays in obtaining licenses and more informal payments.
  • Medium firms show a moderate level of corruption and regulatory challenges.
  • Large firms are more affected by corruption and have fewer informal payments compared to small firms.

2. Average Firm Characteristics

• Age of Firms: The average age of firms in Peru is 16.5 years, with small firms being younger and large firms older.
• Gender Representation:
  • 14.1% of firms have female top managers.
  • 28.7% of firms have female participation in ownership.
• Ownership Structure:
  • 96.0% of firms are private domestic.
  • 3.9% are private foreign.
  • 0.1% are government/state.

3. Infrastructure

• Electricity:
  • 1.7 power outages per month.
  • 3.2% of sales lost due to power outages.
  • 33.4 days delay in obtaining an electrical connection.
• Water Supply:
  • 2.8 water shortages per month.
  • 8.8 hours average duration of water shortages.
  • 37.0 days delay in obtaining a water connection.
• Telephone Connections:
  • 8.7 days delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection.

4. Trade

• Exporter Firms: 14.1% of firms in Peru export directly or indirectly.
• Use of Foreign Inputs: 81.9% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Customs Delays:
  • 16.1 days to clear direct exports through customs.
  • 20.3 days to clear imports through customs.
• Export Losses:
  • 1.3% of export value lost due to theft.
  • 1.2% of export value lost due to breakage or spoilage.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Corruption Indicators:
  • 7.0% of firms experience graft (bribery).
  • 26.3% of firms expect to give gifts to secure a government contract.
  • 20.5% of firms expect to give gifts to get a construction permit.
• Business Licensing:
  • 68.4 days to obtain an import license.
  • 83.8 days to obtain a construction-related permit.
  • 46.5 days to obtain an operating license.
• Government Interaction:
  • 14.1% of senior management time is spent dealing with government regulations.
  • 1.7 average number of meetings with tax officials per year.

6. Corruption

• Graft Index: 7.0 for Peru, indicating a moderate level of corruption.
• Gifts to Tax Inspectors: 8.4% of firms expect to give gifts in meetings with tax inspectors.
• Gifts for Government Contracts: 26.3% of firms expect to give gifts for government contracts.
• Gifts for Construction Permits: 20.5% of firms expect to give gifts for construction permits.
• Gifts for Import Licenses: 0.9% of firms expect to give gifts for import licenses.
• Gifts for Operating Licenses: 12.4% of firms expect to give gifts for operating licenses.

7. Crime and Informality

• Court System Perception: 3.4% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• Security Costs: 1.4% of sales are spent on security.
• Losses Due to Crime: 0.6% of sales are lost due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson.
• Formal Registration: 82.6% of firms are formally registered when they start operations.

8. Finance

• Internal Finance for Investment: 42.0% of firms rely on internal funds.
• Bank Finance for Investment: 34.7% of firms use bank financing.
• Trade Credit Financing: 10.9% of firms use trade credit.
• Equity Financing: 5.4% of firms use equity or sale of stock for investment.
• Working Capital External Financing: 48.3% of firms use external sources for working capital.
• Collateral Requirements: 229.1% of the loan amount is required as collateral.
• Bank Loans/Line of Credit: 66.8% of firms have access to bank loans or lines of credit.
• Checking or Savings Accounts: 87.4% of firms have such accounts.

9. Innovation and Workforce

• Quality Certifications: 14.2% of firms have internationally recognized quality certifications.
• External Audits: 31.5% of firms have their annual financial statements reviewed by an external auditor.
• Website Usage: 52.2% of firms use their own website.
• Email Usage: 83.7% of firms use email for communication with clients and suppliers.
• Workforce Composition:
  • 23.7 average number of temporary workers.
  • 68.0 average number of permanent, full-time workers.
  • 35.1% of full-time workers are female.

Key Takeaways

• Corruption is a notable obstacle, with firms frequently needing to make informal payments.
• Regulatory and licensing processes are time-consuming and costly.
• Infrastructure deficiencies such as unreliable electricity and water supply negatively impact firm productivity.
• Trade involves significant delays and risks, including losses due to transport issues.
• Crime and informality contribute to increased operational costs and hinder firm growth.
• Access to finance is moderate, with a significant reliance on internal funds and bank loans.
• Innovation and workforce are relatively developed, with a good use of ICT and some level of gender diversity in employment.

This Country Profile provides a comprehensive view of the challenges and opportunities in Peru's business environment, serving as a valuable resource for policymakers and researchers.