2012年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Ethiopia_Country_Profile_2011_15页_1mb

Ethiopia Country Profile 2011 Summary

Core Content

The Ethiopia Country Profile 2011 is part of the World Bank Group's Enterprise Surveys, which aim to evaluate the business environment and firm productivity across different countries. The report provides insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by firms in Ethiopia, comparing them with regional and income group averages.

Main Topics Covered

• Business Environment Obstacles: Key constraints affecting firms in Ethiopia.
• Average Firm: Characteristics of firms in terms of size, ownership, and gender representation.
• Infrastructure: Availability and efficiency of infrastructure services.
• Trade: Trends and challenges in trade activities.
• Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing: Impact of regulations and licensing processes on firms.
• Corruption: Incidence and effects of corruption on business operations.
• Crime and Informality: Impact of crime and the prevalence of informal economic activities.
• Finance: Sources of financing and financial service access.
• Innovation and Workforce: Use of technology and workforce composition.

Key Findings and Indicators

Business Environment Obstacles

• The biggest business environment obstacles in Ethiopia include corruption, crime, and inefficient regulations.
• These issues increase operational costs and reduce firm productivity and growth potential.

Average Firm

• The average firm in Ethiopia is relatively young, with an age of 9.8 years.
• Female participation in management and ownership is notable, with 13.6% of firms having female top managers and 35.3% having female participation in ownership.
• The private domestic sector dominates firm ownership, with 96.0% of firms being privately owned.

Infrastructure

• Firms in Ethiopia face significant infrastructure challenges, particularly in electricity and water supply.
• On average, there are 5.6 power outages per month, resulting in 2.6% of sales lost due to these outages.
• Water shortages occur 2.8 times a month, with an average duration of 4.3 hours, leading to losses in sales.
• Delays in obtaining infrastructure services such as electricity, water, and telephone connections are high, adding to operational costs.

Trade

• Only 6.5% of firms in Ethiopia are exporters, with a lower percentage of firms using foreign inputs.
• The average time to clear customs for imports is 25.1 days, and for exports, it is 15.8 days.
• Losses during export due to theft and breakage are minimal but still present a risk.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Regulations and licensing processes are time-consuming and costly, with an average of 108.7 days to obtain a construction permit.
• The proportion of firms using open shareholding companies is low, at 1.1%, while sole proprietorships dominate, with 70.1% of firms classified as such.
• Senior management spends an average of 3.0% of their time dealing with government regulations.

Corruption

• Corruption is a significant issue, with 8.0% of firms in Ethiopia experiencing graft.
• The Graft Index measures the proportion of times firms are asked to pay informal payments for public services.
• A higher percentage of firms in Ethiopia are expected to give gifts to secure government contracts and operating licenses.

Crime and Informality

• 79.3% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• Security costs account for 0.7% of sales, and losses due to theft and vandalism are low but present a risk.
• Informality is prevalent, with 96.8% of firms formally registered at startup, indicating a relatively low level of informality compared to regional averages.

Finance

• Most firms rely on internal financing for investment, with 86.3% using this method.
• Bank financing is less common, with only 8.2% of firms using it.
• External financing for working capital is relatively low, with 7.2% of firms relying on it.
• The value of collateral required for a loan is high, at 234.0% of the loan amount.

Innovation and Workforce

• Only 13.6% of firms have internationally recognized quality certifications.
• 72.1% of firms have their annual financial statements reviewed by external auditors.
• 43.0% of firms use their own websites, and 79.6% use email for communication.
• The average number of temporary workers is 8.2, while permanent workers average 53.1.
• Female participation in full-time employment is 33.9%.

Conclusion

The Ethiopia Country Profile 2011 highlights the challenges faced by firms in the country, particularly in areas of corruption, infrastructure, and regulations. Despite these challenges, there are positive indicators in terms of workforce composition and financial service access. The report serves as a valuable tool for policymakers and researchers to understand and improve the business environment in Ethiopia.