2012年-世界发展银行全球_Hard-to-Reach_Areas___Providing_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_Services_to_All_130页_17mb

Summary of "Supporting Poor-Inclusive Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms: Hard-to-Reach Areas - Providing Water Supply and Sanitation Services to All"

Core Content

This document outlines the identification and mapping of Hard-to-Reach Areas (HtRAs) in Bangladesh, with a focus on providing water supply and sanitation (WSS) services to underserved populations. The project, titled "Scaling Up and Sustainability of Total Sanitation in Bangladesh" (SSTSB), was implemented by Dhaka Ahsania Mission (DAM) under the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The goal was to develop a methodology for identifying HtRAs based on a combination of hydrogeographical and socioeconomic indicators.

Main Objectives

• To identify and map areas in Bangladesh that are difficult to access for WSS services.
• To develop a classification system for HtRAs using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques.
• To provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by hard-to-reach communities in terms of water and sanitation access.

Key Indicators and Methodology

Indicators Selected

Ranking Criteria

• Extremely HtRA (Rank 3): Areas with poor water and sanitation coverage, low groundwater levels, high poverty, and high child mortality.
• Very HtRA (Rank 2): Areas with moderate water and sanitation coverage, moderate groundwater levels, moderate poverty, and moderate child mortality.
• Moderately HtRA (Rank 1): Areas with good water and sanitation coverage, high groundwater levels, low poverty, and low child mortality.

Methodological Approach

• The study used Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) with GIS-based weighted overlay to classify HtRAs.
• A ModelBuilder tool in ArcGIS was used to process the data.
• The formula used was:
  $$
  \text{Hard-to-Reach Area} = \sum((\text{SanitationWSanitationR}) + (\text{SafeWaterWSafeWaterR}) + (\text{HotspotWHotspotR}) + (\text{GroundwaterWGroundwaterR}) + (\text{ChildMortalityWChildMortalityR}) + (\text{PovertyWPovertyR}))
  $$

Key Findings

• 1,144 unions (representing approximately 25% of the geographical area) were classified as HtRAs.
• These areas are spread across 50 districts and 257 upazillas.
• 28 million Bangladeshis (approximately 21% of the total population) live in hard-to-reach areas.
  • 14.6 million in Extremely HtRAs
  • 13.3 million in Very HtRAs
  • 680,930 in Moderately HtRAs

Most Hard-to-Reach Union Types

• Chars were identified as the most hard-to-reach union type, with over 30% of the total HtRAs being chars.
• These areas suffer from high child mortality, lack of safe water and hygiene, and vulnerability to natural disasters such as flooding, erosion, and siltation.

Validation

• The final map was validated using GPS data and ground truthing.
• Accuracy rates were:
  • 94% for Extremely HtRAs
  • 96% for Very HtRAs
  • 97% for Moderately HtRAs

Key Challenges

• Hard-to-reach areas are often geographically isolated and socially excluded from development initiatives.
• These areas face poverty, lack of basic infrastructure, and limited access to WSS services.
• Understanding the social and geophysical conditions of these areas is crucial for designing targeted and inclusive development programs.

Conclusion

This study provides a scientific and practical framework for identifying and mapping HtRAs in Bangladesh. It emphasizes the importance of inclusive water and sanitation sector reforms to ensure that all communities, including the most vulnerable, have access to essential services. The findings can be used to guide policy decisions, resource allocation, and community-based interventions to improve the living conditions of hard-to-reach populations.