2017年-世界发展银行全球_Improving_Service_Levels_and_Impact_on_the_Poor___A_Diagnostic_of_Water_Supply_Sanitation_Hygiene_and_Poverty_in_Indonesia_103页_3mb

Summary of Improving Service Levels and Impact on the Poor: A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Indonesia

Core Content

This report, commissioned by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) services and poverty in Indonesia. It outlines the challenges and opportunities in improving service levels and ensuring equitable access, particularly for the poor, in the context of rising inequality and rapid urbanization.

Main Findings

1. Rising Inequality in Indonesia

• Indonesia has made significant progress in poverty reduction, but inequality remains high.
• The poorest 40% of the population now account for only 20% of total household consumption, while the richest 20% account for nearly 50%.
• The country ranks among the most unequal in East Asia, with inequality levels just below Malaysia, the Philippines, and China.
• Urbanization, though beneficial for economic growth, has also led to increased disparities in access to services.

2. WASH and Human Development

• Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is crucial for child health, cognitive development, and overall well-being.
• Poor WASH conditions contribute to child stunting and long-term developmental and economic consequences.
• A diagram (F-Diagram) illustrates how inadequate WASH affects child health and nutrition.
• WASH services are not only essential for health but also play a key role in reducing the burden of disease and improving productivity.

3. Service Delivery Progress and Challenges

• In 2015, 87% of Indonesians had access to improved drinking water, and 61% to improved sanitation—significant improvements since 1990.
• Despite these gains, nearly 100 million people still lack improved sanitation, and 33 million lack improved drinking water.
• There are persistent urban-rural and income-based gaps in access and service quality.
• In urban areas, the T60 (top 60%) have higher access to improved water and sanitation than the B40 (bottom 40%).
• In 2015, the gap in urban water access between T60 and B40 was 14 percentage points (84% vs. 70%), and for rural water, it was 10 percentage points (64% vs. 54%).
• For rural sanitation, the gap increased to 20 percentage points (55% vs. 35%).
• Poor urban households are more likely to live in areas where their neighbors also lack these services, especially in informal settlements.

4. Urban WASH Service Delivery Constraints and Opportunities

• Urban water and sanitation services are critical for reducing inequality and improving public health.
• The government's 100-0-100 program aims for universal access to water and sanitation by 2019, but it lacks a clear poor-inclusive mission.
• Urbanization is expected to increase the population share in cities to 68% by 2025.
• Access to piped water is uneven, with B40 households being less likely to have connections than T60 households.
• Poor quality of on-site sanitation and wastewater management remains a major issue, leading to environmental degradation and health risks.

5. Policy Priorities for Future Investments

• The report recommends expanding piped water services to the B40 in urban areas.
• Improving the efficiency and performance of PDAMs (local water utilities) is essential for creating a virtuous cycle of service delivery.
• Adjusting the fiscal transfer system to better align with population needs, especially in urban centers, is needed to ensure equitable resource distribution.
• Strengthening regulatory frameworks for small-scale water providers and improving water quality monitoring is crucial.
• Enhancing awareness of the benefits of piped water among consumers and local governments can shift behavior and increase demand for improved services.

Key Recommendations

• Expand piped water services to the bottom 40% in urban areas.
• Improve PDAM performance through capacity building and cross-subsidization mechanisms.
• Enhance financial options for low-income households, such as subsidized credit and microfinance.
• Align fiscal transfers with population growth trends using a per capita basis.
• Strengthen regulatory control and monitoring of water quality for all source types.
• Integrate data from WASH sub-sectors into local planning and implementation processes.
• Promote awareness campaigns on water safety and the benefits of piped water to shift consumer behavior.
• Improve groundwater quality monitoring and ensure safe drinking water for B40 households.
• Enhance coordination between Hibah (output-based grant) and microfinance schemes.
• Ensure better targeting of subsidies by combining income and electricity usage criteria.

Conclusion

Indonesia's water and sanitation sector is at a critical juncture, with the opportunity to reduce inequality and improve public health through more inclusive and equitable service delivery. While progress has been made, significant challenges remain in service quality, equitable access, and institutional capacity. Addressing these issues will be key to achieving the 2019 universal access targets and aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for improved water and sanitation. A poor-inclusive approach, supported by strong policy frameworks and financial mechanisms, is essential for ensuring that all Indonesians, especially the most vulnerable, benefit from safe and sustainable WASH services.