全球企业可持续发展报告2025_97页_3mb

2025 OECD Global Corporate Sustainability Report Summary

Core Content

The OECD Global Corporate Sustainability Report 2025 provides an in-depth analysis of corporate sustainability practices, focusing on global trends, disclosure rates, and governance mechanisms. It is intended to support policymakers, regulators, and market participants in aligning corporate practices with sustainability and resilience goals. The report is based on the OECD Corporate Sustainability dataset, which includes information from 12,900 companies representing 91% of global market capitalisation as of September 2025.

Main Views and Key Information

1. Sustainability-Related Disclosure

• Global Disclosure Growth: Sustainability-related disclosure increased from 86% (2022) to 91% (2024) of global market capitalisation, showing a trend of increasing transparency.
• Industry Variations: Disclosure rates vary by industry, with the energy sector leading at 94%, while the real estate sector has the lowest at 78%.
• Scope of Emissions Disclosure:
  • Scope 1 and 2 emissions: 76% of companies disclosed at least one category of these emissions.
  • Scope 3 emissions: 76% of companies disclosed at least one category, but the level of detail and accuracy remains limited.
• Assurance of Sustainability Information:
  • 42% of companies obtained assurance from external providers.
  • 56% of companies received limited assurance, while only 17% received reasonable assurance.
  • Over half of sustainability-related assurances are provided by auditors.
• Standards Used: The top standards for sustainability disclosure are:
  • GRI Standards (used by over 6,500 companies)
  • TCFD Recommendations (used by over 4,800 companies)
  • SASB Standards (used by almost 3,500 companies)
  • IFRS S1 and S2 (used by 582 companies)
  • ESRS (used by at least 1,800 EU-listed companies in 2025)

2. Investor and Stakeholder Engagement

• Investor Holdings:
  • Institutional investors hold ~35% of equity in both the 100 highest GHG emitters and the 100 leading green-patent filers.
  • The public sector holds ~20% of equity in high-emitting companies.
• Shareholder Engagement:
  • 86% of companies disclose policies on shareholder engagement, including how shareholders can question the board or propose at meetings.
  • 11% of companies include employee representatives on their boards.
  • 60% disclose employee turnover rates, indicating the importance of human capital in many industries.

3. Corporate Sustainability in the Energy Sector

• Energy Sector Overview:
  • The energy sector is the largest emitter of GHG and a key player in the clean energy transition.
  • 31% of total GHG emissions disclosed globally are from the energy sector.
  • SOEs account for ~30% of the energy sector's GHG emissions.
• Disclosure Practices:
  • Scope 1 and 2 emissions are relatively well-disclosed, with ~76% of energy companies reporting.
  • Scope 3 emissions remain underreported, with ~76% disclosing at least one category.
• Lobbying and R&D:
  • 7% of energy companies disclose their position on climate-related public policy.
  • 6% assess whether their climate policies align with those of industry associations.
  • Environmental R&D and capital expenditure (CapEx) are still fragmented, with ~60% of energy companies disclosing environmental R&D and ~60% disclosing environmental CapEx.
• Executive Compensation:
  • 67% of companies with variable executive pay linked it to sustainability factors in 2024, up from 60% in 2022.
  • 10 most common non-financial KPIs in executive remuneration include metrics like GHG emissions reduction, employee turnover, and diversity and inclusion.

4. Double Materiality Assessments

• EU CSRD First Reporting Cycle:
  • 42 double materiality assessments were analyzed, showing that 98% of energy companies identified climate change as both a material negative impact and a financial risk.
  • Companies tend to assess impact materiality as higher than financial risk materiality, suggesting a lack of incentive to address sustainability impacts.

5. Policy Recommendations

• Standard-Setting:
  • The adoption of ISSA 5000 by more jurisdictions could enhance assurance confidence and cross-jurisdiction understanding of assurance levels.
  • Interoperability among sustainability frameworks is needed to improve comparability and reduce compliance costs.
• Regulatory Focus:
  • Regulators should encourage reasonable assurance for companies disclosing scope 1 and 2 emissions.
  • They should ensure monitoring mechanisms to prevent conflicts of interest when firms provide both financial and sustainability assurance.
• Public and Private Sector Roles:
  • SOEs can lead in sustainability and shape outcomes for the low-carbon transition.
  • Institutional investors should prioritize long-term returns from companies investing in clean energy technologies.
  • Boards need to better integrate sustainability as a strategic issue, especially when lobbying transparency is enhanced.

Conclusion

The report highlights the increasing importance of sustainability in corporate governance and market practices. While disclosure rates have improved, governance mechanisms and assurance standards still require enhancement to ensure transparency, comparability, and long-term alignment with sustainability goals. The energy sector plays a pivotal role in both emissions and clean energy innovation, and greater focus is needed on scope 3 emissions, human rights due diligence, and interoperability of sustainability frameworks to drive meaningful progress.