2024-08-18-联合国贸易发展委员-联合国贸易发展委员会-海洋渔业和水产养殖部门的南南贸易（英）_26页_581kb

Summary of South-South Trade in the Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture Sectors

Core Content

This technical note from UNCTAD explores the dynamics of South-South trade in marine fisheries and aquaculture, emphasizing its importance for food security, nutrition, and economic development in developing countries. It outlines the current state of trade, the challenges faced, and the potential of revitalizing the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) to support sustainable growth and trade facilitation in the sector.

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Main Points

1. Importance of Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture

• These sectors are vital for income, food security, and employment, especially in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
• Fish and aquatic products provide essential nutrients like protein, Omega-3 fatty acids, and iodine, particularly for vulnerable coastal communities.
• Marine fisheries have lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to other animal protein sources.

2. Global Market Demand

• Per capita consumption of aquatic animal foods increased from 9.1 kg in 1961 to 20.6 kg in 2021, with an annual growth rate of 1.4%.
• By 2032, global consumption is expected to reach 184 million tonnes, driven mainly by middle-income countries.
• Aquaculture is the primary driver of increased production, accounting for 51% of all aquatic production in 2022.
• Asia is the largest consumer, with per capita consumption of 24.7 kg in 2021, followed by Europe, Oceania, the Americas, and Africa.

3. Trends in South-South Trade

• South-South trade in fisheries and aquaculture has grown significantly, reaching $39 billion in 2022, with a 96% increase over the last decade.
• In 2022, South-South trade in seafood processed products exceeded global exports, reaching $21 billion.
• Exports of fishing vessels also showed high growth, increasing by 1.5 times between 2012 and 2022, with China, Vietnam, and Turkey leading in competitiveness.

4. GSTP Participants' Competitiveness

• GSTP participants demonstrate high levels of competitiveness and complementarity in fisheries and aquaculture products.
• Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis shows that most GSTP countries have a competitive edge in specific marine products, with minimal overlap.
• Developing countries now account for 53% of global exports of marine fisheries and aquaculture processed products.

5. Tariff and Non-Tariff Measures

• Simple average effective tariffs for ocean-based products among GSTP participants range from 3.8% to 8.3% for fishery products, while fishing vessels face near-zero tariffs.
• Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) are prevalent and increasingly restrictive, especially in developed countries.
• SPS and TBT measures are the most common NTMs affecting fisheries food products, while fishing vessels face TBT and quantity control measures.
• NTMs can significantly hinder trade, particularly in small-scale and subsistence fisheries, where traceability and certification systems are underdeveloped.

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Key Information

• South-South Trade Growth:

  • In 2022, South-South trade in marine fisheries and aquaculture reached $39 billion, with a 96% increase since 2012.
  • South-South trade in seafood processed products reached $21 billion, outpacing global exports.
  • Fishing vessel exports grew by 1.5 times between 2012 and 2022, with China, Vietnam, and Turkey being the top exporters.

• Competitiveness and Complementarity:

  • GSTP participants show high complementarity and competitiveness in marine products.
  • Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis indicates that few products overlap among participants, suggesting diverse and complementary export profiles.

• Challenges:

  • Overfishing, IUU fishing, harmful subsidies, climate change, and pollution threaten the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture.
  • High prevalence of NTMs, especially in developed countries, restricts trade and creates barriers for developing nations.

• Potential Benefits of GSTP Revitalization:

  • Reducing or phasing out tariffs and NTMs could boost intra-GSTP trade.
  • Harmonizing export and import requirements, establishing supply contracts, and sharing technology can enhance trade facilitation and value addition.
  • This would support sustainable ocean-based trade, improve food security, and promote inclusive and resilient growth.

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Conclusion

South-South trade in marine fisheries and aquaculture is growing rapidly and represents a critical opportunity for developing countries to enhance their economic resilience and food security. The GSTP provides a platform for addressing trade barriers, fostering cooperation, and promoting sustainable practices. Revitalizing the GSTP could significantly support the development of the ocean economy, aligning with the Bridgetown Covenant and global sustainability goals.