世界银行-进入壁垒_分解巴基斯坦城市求职中的性别差距（英）-2025_99页_8mb

Summary of Report

This report analyzes barriers to women's job opportunities in Pakistan's urban labor market, with a focus on distinguishing between supply and demand-side constraints. Using matched data from a labor market platform and an incentivized binary choice experiment, the study finds that explicit firm gender criteria are the largest barrier to women's employment:

• Women satisfy gender requirements for only 40.58% of vacancies compared to 86.40% for men
• Removing gender criteria increases women's platform matches by over 100% while having minimal effect on men
• Gender gaps in job opportunities substantially decrease with higher education levels

Key mechanisms identified include:

• Female labor supply remains lower even after accounting for selection effects
• Firms with female employees show greater willingness to hire women
• Non-wage factors such as workplace infrastructure correlate with gender-inclusive hiring practices

The main conclusion is that demand-side constraints from explicit firm gender criteria are quantitatively the binding constraint for most women's job opportunities. Higher education levels reduce this constraint through gentler selection effects and demanding working conditions.

The mixed-methods approach combining administrative and experimental data provides robust evidence for this finding, which has important implications for designing effective labor market policies.