2017年-世界发展银行全球_World_Bank_Group_Approach_and_Action_Plan_for_Climate_Change_and_Health_59页_2mb

World Bank Group Approach and Action Plan for Climate Change and Health

Core Content

The World Bank Group (WBG) has developed an approach and action plan for integrating climate change and health considerations into its operations. This plan is part of the "Investing in Climate Change and Health" series and aims to enhance the WBG's ability to address the growing health risks associated with climate change while also leveraging opportunities for improved health and environmental outcomes.

The document outlines a two-pronged strategy:

1. Enhancing the climate resilience of the health sector.
2. Identifying and addressing climate-sensitive health impacts in other sectors through targeted investments.

Main Points

Climate Change and Health Risks

• Climate change poses significant health risks, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
• Heat stress, malnutrition, and water- and vector-borne diseases are expected to worsen due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns.
• These impacts will be most severe in poor and densely populated regions with limited adaptive capacity.
• Climate change is a risk multiplier, threatening decades of development progress in health, nutrition, and population.

Economic and Health Impacts

• Climate change could push more than 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030, with a significant portion due to negative health outcomes.
• The economic cost of climate-sensitive diseases (e.g., malaria, diarrheal diseases, malnutrition) is estimated to be US$4–12 billion annually by 2030 under a business-as-usual scenario.
• Air pollution is a major co-emitted byproduct of climate change and is already responsible for over 5.5 million annual deaths globally.

Key Climate Pathways and Drivers

The World Bank identifies three main pathways through which climate change affects health:

1. Direct Pathway: Health impacts from extreme weather events such as heat waves, floods, and storms.
2. Ecosystem-Mediated Pathway: Health impacts due to changes in ecosystems, such as vector-borne diseases and waterborne diseases.
3. Societal Systems/Human Institutions-Mediated Pathway: Health impacts from human activities and systemic changes, including agricultural production, urbanization, and conflict.

Health and Climate Integration

• The Universal Health Coverage (UHC) framework is used as the entry point for integrating climate considerations into health-related activities.
• The WBG recognizes that health outcomes are influenced by multiple sectors, and therefore, climate-smart approaches are needed across these areas.
• The WBG approach emphasizes adaptation, resilience, and mitigation in the health sector and beyond.

Strategic Objectives

The strategic objectives of the WBG's climate and health approach include:

• Integrating climate and health considerations into sector plans and investments.
• Strengthening health systems to be climate-resilient.
• Enhancing adaptation capacity in health and other sectors.
• Leveraging climate-sensitive opportunities in areas such as agriculture, transport, and energy.

Operational Framework

The WBG's operational framework is structured around:

• Strategic Objectives: Focused on integrating climate and health into operations.
• Operational Pillars: Include climate-smart health, climate-resilient infrastructure, and cross-cutting support.
• Transversal Support Areas: Cover climate risk assessment, climate data integration, and capacity building.

Plan of Action (FY2017-2020)

The action plan outlines:

• Implementation roles and arrangements for various WBG units and partners.
• The goal of mainstreaming climate and health across all operations.
• A focus on specific sectors (e.g., agriculture, transport) where climate-sensitive health impacts can be addressed.

Key Collaborations and Initiatives

• The Climate Change Cross-Cutting Solutions Area (CCSA) and Health, Nutrition, and Population (HNP) Global Practice are central to this initiative.
• The Nordic Development Fund (NDF) provided financial support.
• The work draws on global initiatives such as the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• It also builds on existing research and knowledge products, including the "Geographic hotspots" analysis and the "Climate Smart Healthcare" report.

Conclusion

The WBG's approach and action plan aim to establish an institutional foundation for climate and health integration. It emphasizes the importance of UHC as a core strategy and the need for cross-sectoral collaboration to address climate-related health risks effectively. The plan is intended to be generally applicable to any institution working on climate and health programs.

Key Information

• Climate change is a risk multiplier that threatens development gains.
• Health outcomes are influenced by multiple sectors and environmental conditions.
• The WBG is working to mainstream climate and health into its operations.
• UHC is the strategic framework for health and climate integration.
• The plan includes strategic objectives, operational steps, and tools for implementation.
• Partnerships and collaborative efforts are essential for effective climate and health action.

References

• Hallegate, S. (2016). Climate Change and Health.
• WHO (2004, 2014, 2015). Global Burden of Disease.
• Smith, K. R. (2014). Climate Change and Health.
• Ebi, K. L. (2008). Global additional costs of climate change.
• OECD (2014). Air pollution and economic impact.
• IPCC (2014). Climate Change and Health Impacts.
• Rogelj, J. et al. (2014). Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs).