OPHI-2019年度全球多维贫困指数报告（英文）-2019.7-26页_9mb

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019 Summary

Core Content

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a tool developed by the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure poverty beyond income, capturing the overlapping deprivations in health, education, and standard of living. It covers 101 countries and 5.7 billion people, using data from DHS, MICS, and national surveys between 2007 and 2018. The MPI provides a detailed understanding of who is poor and how they are poor, highlighting inequalities within and between countries.

Main Findings

• 1.3 billion people (23.1%) across 101 countries are multidimensionally poor.
• Two-thirds of these people live in middle-income countries.
• Subnational disparities are significant, with some regions in Uganda experiencing 96.3% poverty incidence, while others are as low as 6.0%.
• Children under 18 bear the greatest burden of multidimensional poverty, with 663 million children (including 428 million under 10) living in multidimensional poverty.
• South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa account for over 85% of multidimensionally poor children.
• Intrahousehold inequality is common, with 22.7% of children under 5 in South Asia experiencing unequal deprivation in nutrition.
• Children are more likely than adults to be multidimensionally poor, and the youngest children face the highest deprivation across all indicators.

Key Insights on Inequality

• The MPI highlights inequalities at multiple levels: global, regional, national, subnational, and even household.
• Poverty intensity (how many indicators a person is deprived of) varies significantly across countries, even when incidence is similar.
• India and Cambodia reduced their MPI values the fastest among 10 selected countries, without leaving the poorest behind.
• Subnational regions in the poorest countries show dramatic disparities, with some areas having MPI rates as high as 96.3%.
• Rural areas are generally poorer than urban areas across all 10 countries, with Cambodia, Haiti, India, and Peru showing faster poverty reduction in rural regions.
• Ethiopia made substantial progress, reducing its MPI value from 0.545 to 0.489 between 2011 and 2016, and significantly lowering the percentage of people in poverty.

Child Poverty in South Asia

• 36.7 million children in South Asia do not attend school through grade 8, with 32.3 million living in multidimensionally poor households.
• Girls are more likely than boys to be out of school and multidimensionally poor, with 10.7% of South Asian girls and 9.0% of boys affected.
• Afghanistan has the highest rate of out-of-school children among the poor, with 44.0% of girls and 24.8% of boys in this category.
• Pioneer children (ages 10-17) in South Asia who have completed six years of schooling are breaking new ground, with 37.5 million such children, or one in eight, identified.
• However, 28.4% of these children still live in multidimensionally poor households, facing other deprivations that hinder learning.

MPI Calculation and Methodology

• The MPI is calculated as the product of incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty.
• Incidence refers to the percentage of people in poverty.
• Intensity refers to the average number of deprivations per poor person.
• The index is disaggregated by age, gender, and subnational regions, offering a high-resolution view of poverty patterns.
• The 2019 update includes data from 50 DHS, 42 MICS, and 8 national surveys, ensuring comparability across regions.

Conclusion

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019 emphasizes the complexity and inequality of poverty, particularly among children. It underscores the importance of targeted interventions to address subnational disparities and intrahousehold inequalities. While progress has been made, especially in India, Cambodia, and Ethiopia, the report calls for action to leave no one behind, especially in the most vulnerable regions and populations.