2025-04-13-世界银行-欧盟成员国的空气质量管理-治理与制度安排_国际经验与启示（英）_174页_2mb

Executive Summary

The report assesses air quality management (AQM) governance in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania, highlighting challenges in legal frameworks, enforcement, institutional coordination, and planning. Key pressures include high emissions of PM (particularly from residential heating) and nitrogen dioxide. Four attributes—legal framework, committed executive, nested planning, coordination, and accountability—are analyzed to distill recommendations for improvement.

Methodology

Assessment Framework

• Legal and Regulatory Framework: Evaluates policies, roles/responsibilities, enforcement tools, transboundary cooperation, and policy integration.
• Committed Executive: Reviews strategic vision, funding, incentives, government capacity, and political leadership.
• Nested Planning: Assesses planning processes, expert involvement, and plans/agendas clarity.
• Horizontal and Vertical Coordination: Analyzes coordination mechanisms at different governance levels.
• Accountability and Transparency: Checks monitoring systems, public participation, and legal recourse mechanisms.

The analysis compares EU directives’ implementation gaps against country-specific air pollution issues.

Governance Attributes

Legal and Regulatory Framework

• Strengths: All countries have transposed EU directives into national law.
• Weaknesses: Legal ambiguity in roles/responsibilities, enforcement gaps (e.g., sanctions for polluters), and limited use of economic instruments (e.g., pollution charges).

Committed Executive

• Strengths: Political visibility in some areas (e.g., climate linkages).
• Weaknesses: Lack of sustained leadership, inadequate funding for AQM, and staff capacity gaps at local levels.

Nested Planning

• Strengths: Multi-stakeholder involvement in planning (except Romania).
• Weaknesses: Poor planning quality (e.g., lack of prioritization in Croatia) and low implementation monitoring in all countries.

Horizontal and Vertical Coordination

• Strengths: Mechanisms exist in Croatia and Poland.
• Weaknesses: Weak vertical coordination in Romania/Bulgaria and no functional high-level platforms in any country.

Accountability and Transparency

• Strengths: Data portals in some countries (e.g., Estonia/Germany).
• Weaknesses: Inadequate monitoring networks and enforcement transparency in Romania/Bulgaria.

National Contexts for Air Quality Governance

Particulate Matter (PM)

• Bulgaria/Romania: High PM levels (especially PM) linked to residential heating with coal/biomass and commercial/institutional sectors. Emissions exceed 2030 targets.
• Poland: Dominant source is residential heating; benzo(a)pyrene exceedances pose health risks.
• Croatia: Urban exceedances above EU limits require immediate reduction measures.

Nitrogen Oxides

• All Countries: High contributions from road transport and domestic heating. Croatia and Romania lagged on 2030 targets in 2021.

Comparisons Across Countries

Recommendations for Strengthening AQM Governance

1. Strengthen enforcement mechanisms through fines and penalties.
2. Integrate climate and air policies to maximize synergies.
3. Enhance nested planning with evidence-based policies and expert involvement.
4. Create high-level coordination bodies at national levels.
5. Improve public access to real-time air quality data and AQI tools.
6. Increase financial incentives for cleaner technologies.

Note: This summary condenses the core findings while remaining within bounds of governance structure and institutional attributes.