世界银行-欧盟成员国的空气质量管理-治理与制度安排_国际经验与启示（英）-2025_174页_2mb

Summary of Air Quality Management Governance in EU Member States

This report analyzes air quality management governance in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania. Air pollution remains a significant environmental and health risk, with particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide being major concerns. Key governance attributes identified are: Legal and regulatory framework, Committed executive, Nested planning, Horizontal and vertical coordination, and Accountability and transparency.

Key Findings

• All four countries have transposed EU air quality legislation but face challenges with enforcement, insufficient incentives for compliance, and weak coordination mechanisms.
• Legal frameworks dedicate insufficient authority and resources for local governments to implement pollution reduction measures effectively.
• Enforcement tools are generally insufficient or ineffective due to inadequate sanctions and monitoring capacity.
• Nested planning arrangements are weak, leading to misalignment between national and local air quality plans.
• Public access to air quality information is limited, and civil society participation in policy-making is insufficient in all countries.

Recommendations

Legal and Regulatory Framework

1. Harmonize interpretation of current AQM legislation across governance levels.
2. Strengthen enforcement mechanisms by improving monitoring and monitoring capacities.
3. Enhance coordination and cooperation between jurisdictions through joint action plans.
4. Develop a combination of command-and-control, market-based, and enforcement tools.

Committed Executive

1. Strengthen political commitment through high-level champions.
2. Align climate change and air quality policies through integrated planning.
3. Enhance AQM staff capacity with dedicated expertise at institutional level.

Nested Planning

1. Integrate air quality planning instruments across different governance levels.
2. Build municipal capacity to prepare and implement air quality plans effectively.
3. Improve harmonization between national and local AQM planning instruments.

Horizontal and Vertical Coordination

1. Establish high-level coordination bodies with adequate authority and resources.
2. Create multi-stakeholder platforms to improve dialogue and information exchange.
3. Enhance collaboration between central and local government authorities.

Accountability and Transparency

1. Strengthen and expand air quality monitoring systems.
2. Improve public access to air quality information.
3. Enhance public participation along the AQM planning and policy implementation cycle.

Each country faces specific challenges:

• Bulgaria: Weak implementation of laws, insufficient enforcement.
• Croatia: Lack of strategic vision, weak horizontal coordination.
• Poland: High polluting sectors, slow enforcement.
• Romania: Data quality issues, weak coordination and accountability mechanisms.