亚开行-东南亚房地产税制改革图（英文）-2020.12-93页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of Mapping Property Tax Reform in Southeast Asia

Core Content

This report, published by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in December 2020, provides an in-depth analysis of property tax systems in Cambodia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It explores the potential of property taxation as a tool for domestic resource mobilization, social equity, and sustainable development, especially in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The report also highlights the challenges and opportunities for reform in these countries, emphasizing the need for better policy design, improved cadastral record-keeping, and enhanced administrative capabilities.

Main Viewpoints

Property Taxation as a "Good Tax"

Property taxation is viewed as a favorable tax instrument due to its:

Stability and predictability: Provides a reliable revenue source for governments.
Progressiveness: Tends to be borne more by middle- and high-income earners, contributing to social equity.
Economic efficiency: Difficult to evade due to the immobility of property and can be enforced through asset seizure.
Low distortion: Has minimal impact on long-term economic growth and is less affected by globalization.

Revenue Potential and Current Performance

Property taxes in the four countries are underutilized, contributing only between 0.024% to 0.38% of GDP (2017).
They are not a major revenue source, with intergovernmental transfers and central government grants forming the backbone of subnational budgets.
The report identifies policy design, cadastral record-keeping, and administrative efficiency as key areas for improvement to enhance revenue performance.

Key Information

Country-Specific Tax Systems

Cambodia: Focuses on administrative improvements to expand tax base coverage, increase valuation levels, and strengthen enforcement, while conducting further studies on social equity.
Philippines: Has a highly decentralized system, but local disparities in property valuation affect revenue performance. The Real Property Valuation and Assessment Reform Act (House Bill No. 4664) aims to improve the quality and uniformity of property valuation by adopting international standards and centralizing approval of market value schedules.
Thailand: Implemented the Land and Building Tax on 1 January 2020, moving toward a modern property tax system with a broader tax base, higher rates for vacant land, and a shift from rental value to market value.
Viet Nam: Still in the process of comprehensive property tax reform, but the system is expected to yield significant revenue after a three-year phase-in period.

Challenges and Opportunities

Underdeveloped formal land markets, rapid urbanization, and informal settlements pose challenges for effective property tax collection.
Fragmented data systems across different government levels and ministries hinder the accuracy and efficiency of property valuation and registration.
Modernization of data infrastructure is essential for improving tax administration and ensuring transparency and accountability.

Reform Strategies

The report outlines four main objectives of property tax reform:

Raising revenue for public goods and services.
Improving social equity by ensuring a fair distribution of tax burdens.
Enhancing economic efficiency by minimizing distortions in economic behavior.
Improving administrative cost-effectiveness through simplification, standardization, and automation.

Main Design Features of Property Taxation

Tax Subject: Includes land, buildings, and other immovable properties.
Tax Base: Can be based on market value, rental value, or other criteria, depending on the country.
Tax Rate: Generally low statutory rates with even lower effective rates. Increases can be phased in over time.
Property Valuation: Needs to be updated regularly to reflect current market conditions and ensure fairness.
Exemptions and Reliefs: Exist for government properties, cultural sites, and vulnerable taxpayers, but may narrow the tax base.

Property Registration and Fiscal Cadastre

A modern land registration system and fiscal cadastre are critical for accurate property valuation and tax administration.
These systems should include complete and up-to-date information on ownership, use, sales prices, and parcel boundaries.
Coordination between government agencies and data compatibility across systems are necessary for effective tax management.

Administrative Arrangements

Tax assessment and valuation: Requires adequate administrative capacity and financial resources.
Billing and collection: Should be efficient and transparent, with mechanisms to ensure compliance.
Appeals and taxpayer services: Important for maintaining public trust and improving tax administration.
Technology and innovation: Can reduce administrative costs and improve efficiency, but require significant upfront investment.

Recommendations

Broaden the tax base by reducing exemptions and reliefs that narrow the tax base.
Increase effective tax rates gradually to improve revenue yields.
Use up-to-date market valuations to ensure fairness and transparency.
Modernize data infrastructure and promote government data sharing.
Strengthen financial and human resources for tax administration.
Improve taxpayer compliance through penalties and enforcement mechanisms.
Implement standardized valuation practices to avoid regional disparities.
Set a target of increasing property tax revenue to 1% of GDP to drive continuous improvement.

Conclusion

Property tax reform is essential for domestic resource mobilization and sustainable development in Southeast Asia. The report emphasizes the importance of aligning property tax reforms with broader government strategies and improving the coherence of the tax system with land management functions. It also highlights the role of e-government and technology in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of property tax administration. With the right policies and implementation, property taxes can contribute significantly to the 2030 Agenda and support inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

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