CEPR-建立气候转型和自然恢复联盟（英）-2025_18页_595kb

Introduction and Key Challenges
The report emphasizes that emerging and developing economies (EMDEs) are central to addressing climate change and nature restoration, as developing countries like India, Indonesia, Brazil, China, and South Africa must adopt low-carbon pathways quickly to prevent global warming from exceeding 1.5°C and halt biodiversity loss. Geopolitical fragmentation, shifting priorities, and the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement slow progress. Current financing gaps for climate and nature actions remain insufficient, and a coordinated approach is needed.

Four-Pillar Strategy for Climate Action

1. Carbon Pricing Coalition: A flexible, plurilateral agreement with tiered carbon pricing based on income levels and a common carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) to reduce carbon leakage, enhance competitiveness, and incentivize participation.
2. Scaled-Up Climate Finance: Financing coalitions funded by advanced economies and China to support decarbonization in EMDEs, conditional on clear emission reduction commitments, with potential economic benefits for financiers.
3. Green Industrial Partnerships: Collaboration between advanced and developing countries for clean energy trade, technology transfer, and investment, focusing on reducing energy intensity and supporting industrialization in EMDEs.
4. Carbon Removal and Nature Markets: Innovative mechanisms, such as carbon removal technologies and share-based nature markets, to finance large-scale restoration and compensate for emissions overshoot, ensuring permanence and additionality.

Global Governance and EU Role
Due to weakened multilateral institutions, coalitions of the willing are proposed as an alternative to universal treaties, emphasizing flexibility and mutual interests. The European Union, with its strong climate agenda, functioning emissions trading system, and legitimacy, should lead in forming and implementing these coalitions, ensuring timely action to address climate and nature crises. These coalitions intersect and reinforce each other, requiring simultaneous initiation for maximum impact.

Conclusion
The urgency of EMDE decarbonization grows with worsening climate degradation, necessitating immediate, collective action through variable-geometry coalitions to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 and restore natural ecosystems, avoiding irreversible damage.