世界银行-2023年黎巴嫩环境退化成本（英）_67页_5mb

报告摘要

COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN LEBANON 2023

Key Summary

Total COED 2023: ~$2 billion (11% of 2023 GDP), up from 4.4% in 2018 and 3.2% in 2005.
Main Contributing Sectors:

Water pollution ($722.5M, 35% of GDP)
Air pollution ($632.3M, 31% of GDP)
Waste management ($273.3M, 14% of GDP)
Land degradation and quarrying ($249.2M, 13% of GDP)
Coastal zone degradation ($84.6M, 4% of GDP)

Trends

Cost Drivers: Currency devaluation, inflation, population increase (due to Syrian refugees), and collapse of environmental services post-2019 crisis.
High-Impact Pollutants: PM2.5 in Beirut (33.69 μg/m³), industrial emissions, unregulated quarrying, and open waste burning.
Displacement Impact: Syrians (~1.5M) contributed 30% of total COED, primarily through increased waste and water stress in informal settlements.

Recommendations

Air Quality: Strengthen monitoring, enforce generator emissions, transition to clean energy.
Water Sector: Rehabilitate wastewater plants, address leakages (25% of water is lost), improve wastewater treatment capacity.
Solid Waste: Implement circular economy, restore landfills, enforce waste segregation, phase out open dumping.
Land Management: Enforce urban planning, restore forests/lower lands, regulate quarrying.
Coastal Protection: Prevent privatization of marine spaces, enforce fines for illegal occupation, address marine litter.
Short-Term Actions: Cost recovery for water/Wastewater sectors, localize SWM investments.

Data Sources

National Air Quality Monitoring, Remote Sensing, GIS Analysis, UNDP/Government Reports, World Bank Valuation Methods.


This summary encapsulates the progressive cost trends, sectoral impacts, and policy actions identified in the 2023 Lebanon Environmental Degradation Assessment, adhering to stakeholder demands for data-driven outcomes in accessible form.

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