2025-02-16-世界银行-2023年黎巴嫩环境退化成本（英）_67页_6mb

报告摘要

Analysis of the Cost of Environmental Degradation for 2023 in Lebanon
This report, prepared for the World Bank, assesses Lebanon's environmental degradation costs in 2023, estimating a total of approximately $2 billion (11% of GDP). Key sectors included are air pollution, land, water, waste, and coastal zone degradation. Findings reveal a significant increase in COED compared to previous years (e.g., 3.2% in 2005, 4.4% in 2018), driven by inflation, reduced public services, and the Syrian refugee crisis.

Sector Breakdown

Air Pollution: $632.3 million (3.5% of GDP), reflecting poor air quality and premature deaths.
Water Pollution: $722.5 million (4.0%), due to untreated wastewater and waterborne diseases.
Land Degradation/Waste: $273.3 million (1.5%), exacerbated by informal settlements and unregulated quarrying.
Coastal Degradation: $84.6 million (0.5%), linked to marine litter and public access issues.

Key Trends

The water sector is the most affected, with $722.5 million in costs, followed closely by air pollution.
The Syrian refugee crisis contributed $590 million (30% of total COED), amplifying pressures on natural resources, waste disposal, and environmental services.
Urbanization and weak governance are identified as primary drivers worsening degradation.

Priority Actions

Air: Monitor emissions, enforce private generator regulations, and transition to renewable energy.
Water: Rehabilitate wastewater treatment plants and address stormwater losses.
Land/Waste: Strengthen urban planning, combat unregulated quarrying, and improve waste management infrastructure.
Coastal: Enhance waste sector governance, reduce marine litter, and enforce marine protection laws.