2021-10-14-IRENA-Climate_change_and_renewable_energy_60页_2mb

报告摘要

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

IPCC Finding: Urgent, large-scale energy transition required to limit global warming to 1.5°C, primarily through renewable energy and energy efficiency. Current policies are insufficient, with global energy-related CO₂ emissions still on the rise. (p.8)
Renewable Energy Impact: Renewable energy and energy efficiency could achieve over 90% of the needed energy-related CO₂ reductions by 2050 (p.8). Renewables and electrification need to increase significantly across all sectors—buildings (68% electricity share), transport (40% electricity), and industry (40% by 2050). (p.16)
Distributed Energy Resources (DER): Key to increasing energy security, local jobs, and resilience. DER includes technologies like rooftop solar, energy storage, microgrids, and heat pumps, offering decentralization, electrification, and digitalization benefits (p.5). Aggregator models bundle distributed resources. (p.26)
Policy Actions: Adjust planning, markets, and regulations to enable DERs, and coordinate vertically (local/national) and horizontally (across ministries). Establish community energy authorities to support local projects. (p.47)
Finance: Promote combo loans, crowdfunded platforms, and dedicated funding for developing countries. Institutional investors should support DERs, while governments stabilize prices (especially for off-grid). (p.49)
Capacity Building: Accelerate education and skills training, including ‘Do It Yourself’ programs and off-grid certifications, to integrate renewables with communities (cities, off-grid, islands). Create exchanges for best practices (p.50)
Innovation & Technology: Develop supportive standards, foster 'plug and play' systems, convert traditional financing into green instruments, and incorporate renewables into buildings via codes and design. Push innovation on energy efficiency and storage (p.51)

CHALLENGES

Climate Gap: Over 400 Gt CO₂ gap for energy by 2050, compared to 1230 Gt under current policies (p.15). Not meeting SDGs hinders climate goals. (SR1.5, p.13)
SDGs & NDCs: Weak ambition in NDCs and policy coordination hinders transitions. SDGs must guide policies (p.12). Corporate sourcing (up to 3800 TWh by 2050) demands supporting frameworks (p.34). (NDCs, p.17)
DER Adoption: Technical, regulatory, and financial barriers exist — anti-DER bias, unclear legalities, lack of standards (p.54). Renewable costs high for SIDS (p.44)
Off-Grid & SIDS: Financial & institutional hurdles for rural and SIDS (p.48). Off-grid electrification needs investment, especially with climate‐adaptation technology (p.4). Social equity, capacity building, and gender gaps in market access persist (p.49).
Interlinkages: Needs systematic policy reform, fiscal shifts, and banking reforms to unlock finance for DER implementation (p.1). Strengthened cross-departmental co-ordination.

KEY TERM

DER (Distributed Energy Resources): Small tech producing or storing energy (p.prelim). Includes storage, solar, wind, microgrids (p.21). Blockchain/DER applications (p.26, p.42). Aggregators consume data like weather forecasts and grid demands (p.27).

INNOVATIONS Forests of new tech including smart grids, energy storage, district heating, hydrogen power, biomass cookstoves, forces system flexibility (p.24). Fostering DER 'plug and play' (p.55)

REFERENCES