2009年-世界发展银行全球_Lessons_for_Reformers___How_to_Launch_Implement_and_Sustain_Regulatory_Reform_48页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of Lessons for Reformers: How to Launch, Implement, and Sustain Regulatory Reform

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of six case studies from developing and high-income countries, focusing on the political economy and institutional mechanisms that drive successful regulatory reform. The goal is to identify key drivers of change and provide practical lessons for reformers to design and implement effective reform strategies.

Main Points

Regulatory reform is central to improving business environments and promoting economic growth, especially in developing countries.
The report identifies seven main drivers of change that influence the success of reform efforts:
1. Globalization or competitiveness
2. Crisis
3. Political leadership
4. Unfolding reform synergies
5. Technocrats
6. Changes in civil society
7. External pressure
These drivers interact dynamically, and their sequencing is crucial to the sustainability and success of reform processes.
The report highlights that few factors are truly exogenous, and reformers must strategically manage the interplay between these forces.

Key Case Studies

The six case studies analyzed in the report are:

Hungary
Republic of Korea
Mexico
Australia
Italy
United Kingdom

Each country represents a different stage in the reform process, with some transitioning to more competitive business environments and others already having well-developed ones.

Critical Factors for Successful Reform

The report outlines several critical factors that contribute to the success of regulatory reform:

Exploiting Drivers of Reform: Governments must identify and leverage the most relevant drivers at each stage of the reform process.
Setting the Reform Agenda: Reforms must be guided by a clear, well-defined agenda that reflects the needs and priorities of the country.
Implementing Reforms: Effective implementation requires strong political will, coordination, and institutional support.
Monitoring Reforms: Continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential to track progress and adapt strategies as needed.
Sustaining Reforms over the Medium Term: Reforms must be institutionalized and integrated into the broader governance framework to ensure long-term success.

Lessons for Reformers

The report provides several key recommendations for reformers:

Use crisis strategically: While crisis can be a catalyst for reform, it must be supported by other drivers to ensure sustainability.
Build political leadership and support: Strong, bipartisan political backing is essential for maintaining momentum and commitment to reform.
Engage technocrats: Experts with knowledge in economics and policy are vital for designing and implementing effective reforms.
Foster civil society participation: Civil society, including firms and workers, plays a crucial role in supporting and sustaining reform efforts.
Leverage external pressures: External commitments and pressures can help reformers shift responsibility and reduce political costs.
Emphasize transparency and accountability: Transparent processes and regulations are key to building market confidence and reducing regulatory risks.
Promote continuous learning: Benchmarking against best practices and learning from past experiences can improve the design and implementation of reforms.
Pursue systemic change: Reforms should aim for broad, structural improvements rather than isolated changes, even though visible one-off reforms can help build momentum.

Measuring Effective Reform

The business environment encompasses more than just regulatory and administrative practices, including infrastructure, political risk, and macroeconomic stability.
However, the report focuses on regulatory and administrative improvements as the primary measure of reform success.
A successful reform is one that leads to reduced costs and risks for businesses, including lower transaction costs, fewer regulatory barriers, and greater transparency.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes that regulatory reform is a complex and multi-faceted process that requires careful planning, strong leadership, and sustained political and institutional support.
It argues that systemic reform strategies, supported by a combination of internal and external drivers, are most likely to lead to long-term, sustainable improvements in the business environment.
The lessons drawn from the case studies can be applied to other reform contexts, helping governments to design and implement more effective regulatory reforms.

Key Information

The report is authored by a team from the World Bank Group's Investment Climate Advisory Services (ICAS), with input from external experts and stakeholders.
It is based on the Doing Business and FIAS (Funding for Investment Climate Advisory Services) programs.
The BRG (Better Regulation for Growth) program provides further guidance on regulatory governance tools and their application in developing and transitional economies.
The report is available online at www.fias.net.

Tables Summary

Driver	Hungary	Republic of Korea	Mexico
Globalization or competitiveness	Reform was triggered by the need to create a market-based economy and join the European Union.	To increase foreign direct investment, reforms had to remove explicit investment barriers and excessive regulations.	In the 1980s competition for international capital and investment was growing, and leaders saw the benefits of liberalizing trade for assembly plants exporting primarily to the U.S. market.
Crisis	An unprecedented change in political regime and collapse of the economy created new elites and growing expectations for real change.	The 1997 crisis produced the most painful economic contraction in OECD history: 1998 was the first year since 1979 in which Korea had negative growth.	In the 1980s a collapse in oil prices and default on massive external debt, followed by five years of economic stagnation, triggered privatization, trade liberalization, and regulatory reform.
Political leadership	Successive prime ministers actively backed reforms to secure democracy, the rule of law, open markets, and eventually EU membership.	The president elected in 1997 supported reforms. The National Assembly provided support by enacting legislation needed to implement them.	The president and a small group of advisers initiated extensive reforms using a top-down approach based on traditional command and control mechanisms. The resulting backlash slowed reforms.
Unfolding reform synergies	So many reforms were launched in such a short period that reform could be slowed, but not stopped— without disaster.	Initial top-down reforms produced impressive results, but lack of incentives for regulatory reform within the government slowed further reforms after a few years.	Market-opening reforms increased stakeholder pressures for economic liberalization, which increased public sector capacity for good regulation.
Technocrats	The strongly independent, professionally staffed Hungarian Competition Office played a vigorous role in privatization.	The Regulatory Reform Committee—staffed partly with academics, supported by civil servants, and co-chaired by the prime minister—is responsible for examining new and existing regulations and maintaining regulatory quality.	In 2000 an agency was created in the Ministry of Economy to impose quality and transparency on the public sector, and highly trained technocrats (economists) had legal authority and political backing to drive reforms.
Changes in civil society	Reform was legally based, with active involvement by Parliament and extensive consultation with stakeholders such as businesses, trade unions, and disadvantaged social groups.	Political support for reform was built on a popular campaign to eliminate corruption, which coincided with an upsurge of NGOs focused on the issue.	Early reforms were not transparent, which limited reformers’ ability to gain support from private stakeholders. Later, as political support wavered, special private bodies were created to oversee the reforms and provide sustained support.
External pressure	Close relationships between government officials and outside think tanks and international organizations helped reforms through inflows of new ideas, shared experiences, and funding.	OECD membership brought new demands for openness and good regulatory practices. In 1997 the government, in cooperation with the IMF, began deregulating the financial sector.	Mexico’s close relationship with the United States—cultivated through NAFTA—helped it recover quickly from the 1995 liquidity crisis.

Final Notes

The report underscores the importance of institutionalizing reforms to ensure their long-term viability.
It advocates for government-wide, multi-year reform strategies that are supported by dedicated leadership, coordination, and stakeholder engagement.
The political economy of reform is a central theme, with the report suggesting that reformers must understand and work within the broader context of governance and institutional structures.

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