2001年-世界发展银行全球_The_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan___Water_Sector_Review_Update_Main_Report_25页_1mb

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Water Sector Review Update Summary

Core Content

This report, titled Report No. 21946-JO, is a comprehensive update of the Water Sector Review (SR97) conducted in 1997. It outlines the challenges and opportunities facing Jordan's water sector and provides recommendations for the period 2001-2005. The report is prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI) of Jordan, with the goal of supporting the development of a five-year action plan and investment program.

Main Report Structure

I. Introduction

• The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI) invited the World Bank to update the 1997 Water Sector Review to support the formulation of a five-year action plan.
• The Bank team prepared six Discussion Papers on key themes and engaged in extensive dialogue with MOWI officials and other stakeholders.
• The report is based on the conclusions of these papers and emphasizes the need for participatory review and identification of emerging issues in the water sector.

II. The Resource Challenge: Keeping Up With Demand

• Water Supply and Demand are in a tight race, with supply increasing but not keeping pace with growing requirements.
• Total water supply is projected to increase from 898 MCM in 1998 to 1,287 MCM in 2020.
• Municipal and Industrial (M&I) supply is expected to more than double from 275 MCM in 1998 to 660 MCM in 2020, increasing its share from 30% to 52% of total water use.
• Water requirements are projected to rise from 1,205 MCM in 1998 to 1,647 MCM in 2020, with the majority of the increase in M&I use due to population growth and higher per capita consumption.
• Agricultural requirements will only slightly increase, mainly due to higher cropping intensity in the Jordan Rift Valley (JRV).

III. The Financial Challenge: Generating Additional Income

• Significant investment needs exist, with up to 5% of GDP required in some years.
• Current tariffs for urban water and irrigation have not been increased since 1997, and urgent action is needed to recover operational costs and adjust for inflation.
• Efforts to reduce unaccounted-for-water and improve efficiency should be continued and expanded.
• Self-financing of water services is a high priority, especially for M&I and irrigation.

IV. The Institutional Challenge: Strengthening Public Sector Capacity and Expanding Private Sector Participation

• Private sector participation (PSP) in Amman's water management has been a radical reform, and its expansion is critical for future improvements.
• Reforming WAJ and JVA to focus on bulk water management and strategic tasks, while divesting retail services to the private or user sector, is a priority.
• Regulatory reform is essential to ensure accountability and reliability in water services.
• User and private sector involvement in the management of irrigation services should be promoted.

Key Challenges and Recommendations

The Resource Challenge

• Water balance is a critical issue, with supply and demand projected to remain in a neck-and-neck race until 2020.
• Irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity are key to reducing pressure on water resources.
• Groundwater management is crucial to eliminate overdraft and prevent salinization.
• Wastewater treatment and reuse must be prioritized, especially in the Jordan Rift Valley, to support irrigation and environmental protection.
• Water quality must be consolidated and integrated into the management system.

The Financial Challenge

• Tariff reform is essential to ensure cost recovery and financial sustainability.
• Investment in infrastructure must continue to increase supply, but financial viability of the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) and Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) remains a concern.
• Donor financing covers only 42% of the total investment program, leaving a significant gap that must be addressed by government and private sector financing.

The Institutional Challenge

• Efficient water management requires strong institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks.
• PSP in Amman and other cities should be expanded to improve service delivery and financial sustainability.
• Reforms in WAJ and JVA are necessary to focus on strategic and bulk water management.
• Monitoring and management of groundwater and water quality must be enhanced with legal provisions and stakeholder involvement.

Key Figures and Projections

• Total Water Supply (MCM/year):

  • 1998: 898
  • 2020: 1,287

• Total Water Requirements (MCM/year):

  • 1998: 1,205
  • 2020: 1,647

• Water Deficit (MCM/year):

  • 1998: -307
  • 2020: -360

• Wastewater Reuse (MCM/year):

  • 1998: 67
  • 2020: 232

• Projected Water Reuse in the Jordan Rift Valley and Highlands:

  • 1998: 67
  • 2020: 232

Conclusion

The report highlights the three major challenges facing Jordan's water sector: resource, financial, and institutional. It calls for strategic investments, tariff reform, and institutional restructuring to ensure sustainable water management. The participation of the private sector and user engagement are emphasized as critical tools for improving efficiency, accountability, and service reliability. The reform of WAJ and JVA is also a priority to align their roles with the new demands of the sector. The next five years are identified as a critical period for implementing reforms and ensuring long-term water security.