2012年-世界发展银行全球_Zambia_-_Public_Expenditure_Review___Resource_Allocations_and_Financial_Flows_in_the_Water_Sector_in_Zambia_43页_1mb

Summary of Resource Allocations and Financial Flows in the Water Sector in Zambia

Core Content

This document presents a comprehensive review of the resource allocations and financial flows in Zambia's water sector, focusing on institutional structures, budget processes, and sub-sector performance. It highlights the progress made and challenges faced in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) related to water and sanitation, as well as the country's long-term Vision 2030 for the sector.

Main Sector Principles

The water sector in Zambia is guided by the following key principles from the 1994 National Water Policy (NWP):

• Separation of water resources and executive functions from water supply and sanitation
• Separation of regulatory and executive functions within the water supply and sanitation sector
• Devolution of authority to local authorities and private enterprises
• Full cost recovery for water supply and sanitation services through user charges in the long run
• Human resources development to ensure effective institutions
• Use of technology appropriate to local conditions
• Increased government spending priority and budget allocation to the sector

Key Objectives and Targets

• Vision 2030: Provide clean and safe water supply and sanitation for all by 2030.
• MDGs Targets:
  • 80% access to clean water by 2015, 100% by 2030.
  • 68% access to sanitation by 2015, 90% by 2030.
• Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM): Aims for sustainable development, equitable access, and security of supply under varying conditions.

Institutional Structure

• The water sector is divided into three main functions: Sector Oversight and Policy, Execution and Regulation, and Service Delivery.
• NWASCO (National Water Supply and Sanitation Council): Oversees the regulatory function, including licensing, tariff setting, and enforcing service delivery standards.
• Local Authorities (LAs): Execute water supply and sanitation services, especially in rural areas, with support from central government.
• Commercial Water Utilities: Operate in urban areas, licensed by LAs, and managed through cost recovery mechanisms.
• Devolution Trust Fund (DTF): Supports urban and peri-urban water utilities with low-cost technologies and infrastructure.

Sub-sector Overview

Urban Water Supply Sub-sector

• The National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Program (NUWSSP) aims to achieve 80% access to safe water and 70% access to proper sanitation by 2010.
• Annual investment needs are estimated at US$106–173 million from 2009 to 2015.
• As of 2008, 99% of the urban population is within the service area of commercial utilities, with the remaining 1% served by private schemes and Water Trusts.
• The average coverage of access to safe water through commercial utilities increased from 54% in 2003/04 to 73% in 2005/06.
• Only 60% of the urban population has access to individual connections, while the poorest 20% rely on unprotected wells or rivers.

Rural Water Supply Sub-sector

• The National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (NRWSSP) aims to achieve 75% access to safe water and 60% access to sanitation by 2015.
• The majority of rural populations (over 50%) source water from natural waterbodies or unprotected wells.
• The WASHE (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Education) strategy is central to rural water and sanitation development, emphasizing community-based approaches and behavioral change.
• The NRWSSP includes the following components:
  • Integrated water supply and sanitation investments.
  • National Sanitation Programme with hygiene promotion and awareness campaigns.
  • Policy development and legal framework review.
  • Capacity building at national, district, and community levels.
  • Implementation of the RWSS Information Management System (IMS) and SOMAP (Service Operation and Maintenance Plan).

Water Resources Sub-sector

• Zambia has abundant water resources but lacks infrastructure, limiting efficient utilization and exposing the economy to hydro-climatic variability.
• The Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Implementation Plan (IWRM&WE IP) was developed to enhance planning, development, and management of water resources.
• The plan outlines four strategic focal areas:
  • Water Resources Management
  • Water Resources Infrastructure Development
  • Water Supply and Sanitation
  • Monitoring, Evaluation, and Capacity Building
• The total cost for implementing the IWRM&WE IP over five years is estimated at Kw1,451 billion.
• The Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) through the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) is responsible for managing and developing the nation's water resources.

Key Financial and Institutional Challenges

• Despite progress, financial constraints, deteriorating infrastructure, and lack of new investments have hindered service delivery.
• Low awareness among stakeholders has limited ownership and participation in water and sanitation programs.
• Decentralization has not been fully realized, and local authorities still face challenges in implementation and resource mobilization.
• Cost recovery is expected for operation and maintenance in the short term, with full cost recovery for capital and long-term services.

Budget Process and Methodology

• The budget process for the water sector is influenced by the Zambia Development and Assistance Database (ZDAD), which tracks financial flows and allocations.
• The Zambia Development and Assistance Database (ZDAD) is used to monitor and analyze the efficiency and equity of resource allocation.
• Off-budget support includes contributions from the Devolution Trust Fund (DTF) and cooperating partners, with the DTF receiving US$13.3 million, of which 4.5% is from the government.

Conclusion

The water sector in Zambia has undergone significant reforms since the early 1990s, leading to improved access to water and sanitation in urban areas and the development of a more structured institutional framework. However, rural areas continue to face major challenges in access and service delivery. The IWRM&WE IP and NRWSSP provide a strategic direction for improving resource allocation and management, but achieving the MDGs and Vision 2030 targets requires increased investment, better implementation, and stronger stakeholder engagement.