2016年-世界发展银行全球_Building_a_Better_Future_Together___Dominican_Republic_Policy_Notes_118页_10mb

报告摘要

Summary of Dominican Republic Policy Notes

Core Content

The Dominican Republic Policy Notes, published in October 2016, provide an in-depth analysis of the country's economic and social challenges, along with policy recommendations aimed at achieving sustainable and inclusive growth. The document is structured into five chapters and includes a comprehensive list of figures, tables, and acronyms to support the analysis.

Main Challenges

Economic Growth and Inclusiveness

The Dominican Republic has experienced high economic growth (averaging over 6% in the 1990s and over 5% since 2000, reaching 7% in 2014-2015).
However, growth has not been inclusive, with one in three Dominicans still below the poverty line.
There is a disconnect between rising productivity and stagnant real wages, which limits the benefits of growth for the broader population.

Labor Market Dynamics

Despite strong economic performance, labor market outcomes are puzzling.
Weak inter-sectoral linkages in the domestic economy prevent the benefits of growth from being evenly distributed.
Gender gaps and regional disparities remain significant challenges.

Public Spending Inefficiency

Public spending on social and infrastructure services is insufficient and inefficient.
Social programs are not as progressive as they could be, and public resources are not optimally allocated to improve equity and access.

Infrastructure Services

Water and sanitation access is uneven, with significant disparities between urban and rural areas.
Electricity services suffer from high losses and unreliable supply, with a lack of efficiency in distribution and generation.
ICT access is limited, especially in rural and lower-income areas, which hinders digital inclusion and economic development.

Key Policy Recommendations

1. Enhancing Inclusiveness of Growth

Implement cross-cutting policies to increase competitiveness and productivity, particularly in job-generating sectors.
Strengthen economic linkages between special economic zones and the rest of the economy.
Promote labor market reforms to enhance skills development and gender equality.
Improve territorial cohesion to reduce regional disparities.

2. Improving Quality and Efficiency of Social Services

Expand early childhood education and student retention.
Upgrade pedagogical instruction and focus on learning outcomes.
Strengthen health sector institutions and public resources to achieve universal coverage.
Improve efficiency and results orientation in public health spending.
Enhance social protection by improving targeting mechanisms and ensuring full coverage of the extreme poor.

3. Enhancing Basic Infrastructure Services

Improve water supply and sanitation by increasing coverage and quality, especially in rural areas.
Strengthen sector governance and institutional capacity.
Reduce subsidies and improve financial performance of infrastructure services.
Enhance electricity generation and distribution to reduce losses and improve reliability.
Promote ICT development to ensure affordable and high-quality access, including broadband expansion.

4. Ensuring Sustainable and Inclusive Growth

Focus on macro-fiscal sustainability by improving tax collection and public financial management.
Enhance competitiveness through reforms in product and labor markets.
Improve resilience to climate change and natural disasters by integrating climate-smart policies.
Strengthen environmental sustainability and disaster risk reduction frameworks.

Key Areas of Interest

Competitiveness and Productivity
Quality and Efficiency of Social Services
Basic Infrastructure Services
Sustainable and Inclusive Growth

Conclusion

The Policy Notes highlight that while the Dominican Republic has achieved strong economic growth, it must now focus on inclusive development and equitable outcomes. By addressing labor market inefficiencies, improving public service delivery, and enhancing infrastructure and environmental resilience, the country can move towards a more sustainable and shared prosperity model. The World Bank aims to support this transition through policy dialogue and strategic recommendations.

Key Figures and Tables

Figure 1.1: Fast growth in income per capita versus slowly declining poverty and inequality.
Figure 1.2: Rising productivity and declining real earnings per hour in two sectors: 1996-2013.
Figure 1.3: Output per person employed in the DR and LAC: 2001-2014.
Table 1.1: Summary of Policy Directions.

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADESS: Administrator for Social Subsidies
AECID: Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation
ASOCARES: Rural Water Community Associations
BIT: Bilateral Investment Treaties
CAASD: Corporation of Aqueduct and Sewage System of Santo Domingo
CAFTA-DR: Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement
CCRIF: Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility
CDEEE: Corporation of State-Owned Electricity Companies
CEDLAS: Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies
CNE: National Education Council
NHI / SENASA: National Health Insurance
PASCT: Water and Sanitation in Tourist Areas Project
PROSOLI: Integrated Project for Social Protection and Promotion (Progressing with Solidarity)
SIUBEN: Single Beneficiary Selection System
WSS: Water Supply and Sanitation
WTO: World Trade Organization
PISA: Program for International Student Assessment
TERCE: Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study
TFP: Total-Factor Productivity
UMIC: Upper Middle Income Countries
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VAT: Value-Added Tax (ITBIS)
WDI: World Development Indicators
WSS: Water Supply and Sanitation
WTO: World Trade Organization

Key Contributions

The policy notes are a collaborative effort involving the World Bank, Dominican Republic government ministries, and international partners.
They are designed to support the incoming administration in shaping a medium-term development strategy.
The team includes Francisco Carneiro, Cecile Niang, and Gianluca Mele, among others, with peer reviewers and logistical support from various institutions.