世界银行-连接到竞争2023：不确定的全球经济中的贸易物流-物流绩效指数及其指标（英）-2023-90页_9mb

Summary of "Connecting to Compete 2023: Trade Logistics in an Uncertain Global Economy"

 ### Overview of the Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
 The LPI is a benchmarking tool designed to help countries assess their trade logistics performance and identify areas for improvement, based on two components:  
- A survey of international logistics operators assessing their partner countries.
- New indicators derived from global tracking data measuring actual trade speeds and delays.

The 2023 edition, the seventh, analyzes data from 139 countries and introduces key performance indicators (KPIs) from big data sources covering container shipping, air freight, and postal services.

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### Key Findings  

#### 1. **Resilience Despite Global Disruptions**
   - Average LPI scores in 2023 were similar to those in 2018, despite major supply chain disruptions from COVID-19, container shipping crises, and geopolitical events.
   - Respondents from all income groups cited widespread delays, especially in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa.
   - High-income countries with strong logistics infrastructure (e.g., Singapore, Finland) maintained top scores, while low-income nations lagged significantly.

#### 2. **Differences in Delays**
   - **New Tracking Data**:  
     - Average container dwell time (time spent at ports) was 4–8 days, with outliers experiencing waits over 12 days.
     - Air freight delays were shorter than maritime delays but followed similar patterns of variability.
   - **Landlocked Countries**:  
     - Face higher delays due to reliance on transit countries, with additional inland bottlenecks (e.g., Mali, Nepal).
   - **Small Island Economies**:  
     - Reliance on transshipment hubs (e.g., Singapore) leads to longer lead times and lower reliability compared to full-fledged ports.

#### 3. **Supply Chain Reliability**
   - Lead times are widely dispersed globally, with many shipments experiencing long delays (e.g., Algiers port data showed a long-tail distribution of container dwell times).
   - Most delays occur at ports and airports, not during shipping, pointing to the need for reforms in customs, port infrastructure, and logistics competence.

#### 4. **Green Logistics on the Rise**
   - Shippers increasingly demand environmentally sustainable options, with 75% requesting eco-friendly shipping methods for logistics to top-performing countries like Singapore or the UAE, while demand was lower for weaker economies.

#### 5. **Country Performance**
   - High-income countries dominate the LPI leaderboard.
   - Low-income and low-middle-income nations scored much lower; e.g., Afghanistan (1.9) and Somalia (2.0) were among the bottom scorers.
   - Some low-scoring countries showed slight improvement, but systemic reforms are needed.

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### Policy Highlights
- **Address Supply Chain Bottlenecks**: Focus on port productivity, customs reforms, and supply chain visibility platforms.
- **Green Logistics**: Demand for sustainable operations will drive innovation in logistics processes.
- **Digitalization**: Leverage Big Data and tracking technologies to improve supply chain visibility and reliability.

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### Bottom Line
The LPI underscores that while global logistics systems have shown surprising resilience, massive opportunities and challenges remain. Country-specific reforms—especially in customs, infrastructure, and digital platforms—are vital to closing the performance gap and fostering trade resilience.