世界银行-《吉布提国家经济备忘录》，2024年1月-港口和基地之外的吉布提：全民繁荣之路（英）-2024-132页_9mb

报告摘要

Djibouti achieved high economic growth (4.4% avg. GDP from 2000-2021), reaching middle-income status, primarily driven by its strategic port sector and Ethiopia ties.
Growth was jobless, with unemployment (47%, 3x MENA avg.) and low labor participation (LFP) being persistent issues. Youth (86%) and female unemployment (64%) are especially high.
Growth lack inclusiveness, with poverty declining but still affecting 17% of population, and inequality (Gini 0.46) remaining severe.

High Costs & Low Competitiveness: Electricity (most expensive in MENA) and telecom prices stifle private sector development; inefficiencies and monopolies in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are key drivers.
Weak Human Capital: Low education levels (literacy 53%, tertiary enrollment low), poor health outcomes (life expectancy 63 yrs), and skills misalignments hinder productivity.
Governance Weakness: Regulatory quality lags peers; SOEs face high fiscal risks due to excessive guarantees and weak oversight.

Reduce production costs:
- Leverage reforms to lower electricity prices by improving EDD's efficiency and expanding private generation.
- Introduce competition in telecom and ports to drive efficiency.
Strengthen human capital:
- Expand access to quality education and health services, especially for girls and rural populations.
- Launch targeted TVET programs with practical skills to address labor market gaps.
Improve SOE Governance:
- Enhance oversight via SEPE, enforce dividend policies, and publish financial data.
- Promote private participation in infrastructure markets to reduce state dominance.