液化天然气设施的环境_健康和安全指南（英文版）_22页_558kb

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for LNG Facilities Summary

Core Content

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Facilities serve as a technical reference document that outlines best practices for managing environmental, health, and safety risks in LNG projects. These guidelines are intended to complement the General EHS Guidelines and are applicable to new facilities, with some provisions also relevant to existing ones. The guidelines emphasize the use of existing technology to achieve reasonable cost-effective performance levels, and they must be adapted based on the specific hazards and risks of each project, as identified through environmental assessments.

The guidelines cover a wide range of EHS topics, including hazardous materials management, wastewater discharges, air emissions, waste management, noise control, LNG transport, and occupational health and safety. They are designed to ensure compliance with international standards and to promote the protection of human health and the environment.

Main Points and Recommendations

1. Hazardous Materials Management

• LNG Storage and Transfer: LNG storage tanks and components must meet international standards for structural integrity and operational performance to prevent catastrophic failures and fires/explosions. These include provisions for commissioning, overfill protection, secondary containment, and grounding.
• Spill Prevention and Response:
  • Conduct a spill risk assessment using internationally recognized models.
  • Develop a spill prevention and control plan that includes resources, training, and response procedures.
  • Implement early gas release detection systems and ESD systems to minimize gas inventory.
  • Ensure secondary containment for onshore storage tanks.
  • Design drainage systems to contain spills and reduce vaporization rates.
  • For unloading/loading activities, follow procedures that include communication with carriers and grounding systems.
  • Allow safe dispersion of gas and minimize accumulation in enclosed spaces.

2. Wastewater Discharges

• Cooling Water and Cold Water Streams:
  • Discharge cooling water to surface waters at a temperature within 3°C of ambient temperature.
  • If biocides are used, select them based on concentration, toxicity, and biodegradability.
• Other Wastewater Streams:
  • Separate drainage systems for contaminated and non-contaminated waters.
  • Ensure oil/water separation in storm water runoff.
  • Direct firewater and wash-down water to the drainage or wastewater treatment system.
  • Hydrotest water should be managed to minimize environmental impact, including monitoring and treatment to meet discharge limits.

3. Air Emissions

• Emission Sources: Include combustion for power and heat generation, and reciprocating engines.
• Pollutants: NOₓ, CO, CO₂, and SO₂ (if sour gases are involved).
• Management: Use baseline air quality assessments and dispersion models to estimate impacts. Optimize energy efficiency to reduce emissions. Flaring and venting should only occur in emergencies.
• Exhaust Gases: Considered the most significant source of air emissions. Follow EHS standards for equipment selection and procurement.
• Boil-Off Gas (BOG): Should be collected and either re-liquefied, used as fuel, or flared depending on the facility type.

4. Fugitive Emissions

• Sources: Cold vents, leaking valves, flanges, and loading/unloading operations.
• Control Measures: Use appropriate valves, seals, and fittings. Implement leak detection and repair programs.
• Guidance: Additional recommendations are provided in the EHS Guidelines for Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals.

5. Waste Management

• Waste Types: Include non-hazardous and hazardous waste such as office waste, used oils, chemicals, filters, and medical waste.
• Segregation and Reuse: Waste should be segregated and considered for reuse or recycling before disposal.
• Tracking and Handling: A waste tracking mechanism should be established, and hazardous waste should be stored and disposed of in accordance with EHS best practices.

6. Noise Control

• Sources: Pumps, compressors, generators, and loading/unloading operations.
• Guidance: Follow general recommendations from the General EHS Guidelines for acceptable noise levels and control measures.

7. LNG Transport

• Vessels and Shipping: Comply with international standards for design, construction, and operation.
• Rapid Phase Transition (RPT) Mitigation:
  • Maximize the pressure rating of LNG cargo tanks.
  • Ensure pressure relief systems actuate quickly during RPT events.
• Road Transport: LNG road tankers should be double-walled with vacuum and insulation systems to prevent BOG build-up and leakage.

8. LNG Fueling

• Design and Operation: Follow international standards for storage, dispensing, and related equipment.
• Guidance: Additional EHS management for retail fueling is covered in the EHS Guidelines for Retail Petroleum Networks.

Occupational Health and Safety

• Risk Assessment: Include HAZID, HAZOP, and other risk assessment studies. Results should inform health and safety planning and procedures.
• Facility Design: Consider environmental conditions and natural hazards like earthquakes and hurricanes.
• Health and Safety Management:
  • Demonstrate a structured approach to risk management.
  • Ensure staff training and equipment maintenance.
  • Establish a health and safety committee.
• Permit to Work (PTW) System: Implement to ensure safe authorization and communication for hazardous work.
• Fire and Explosion Risks:
  • Prevent ignition sources through grounding, intrinsically safe installations, and non-sparking tools.
  • Use ESD systems and fail-safe control valves during loading/unloading.
  • Equip facilities with fire detection and suppression systems, avoiding halon-based systems.
  • Locate fire protection systems safely and implement inerting in confined spaces.
• Fire Safety Training: Include use of fire suppression equipment and evacuation procedures.

Key Information

• Applicability: Guidelines apply to LNG base load liquefaction, transport, storage, regasification, and fueling facilities.
• Compliance: If host country regulations are less stringent, the guidelines must be followed. Alternatives require detailed justification.
• International Standards: The guidelines rely on internationally recognized standards for design, operation, and maintenance.
• Environmental Protection: Emphasis is placed on minimizing environmental impact through proper management of emissions, spills, and waste.
• Safety First: All operations must prioritize safety, including fire prevention, emergency response, and safe working procedures.