【世界卫生组织WHO】2024年全球疟疾报告促进健康公平_320页_12mb

报告摘要

World Malaria Report 2024 Summary

Core Content

The World Malaria Report 2024 focuses on addressing inequity in the global malaria response. It highlights the progress made in malaria control and elimination, while also identifying ongoing challenges and opportunities for further action.

Main Views and Key Information

Global Malaria Trends (2000–2023)

Global Malaria Cases and Deaths: The report provides global estimates of malaria cases and deaths from 2000 to 2023, emphasizing the reduction in burden but also the persistent disparities.
Regional Burden: The highest burden of malaria remains in the WHO African Region, with 11 countries accounting for about two-thirds of global cases. These countries are part of the High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) initiative, which has led to a 13% reduction in malaria mortality between 2017 and 2023.
Progress in Malaria-Free Countries: Nine countries have been certified malaria-free by WHO since 2015, including five in the past two years: Azerbaijan, Belize, Cabo Verde, Egypt, and Tajikistan.

Malaria Control and Elimination

Vaccines and Tools: As of December 2024, 17 countries have introduced WHO-recommended malaria vaccines into routine childhood immunization. A new generation of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is becoming more widely available.
Elimination Efforts: The report discusses elimination certification and initiatives to achieve malaria-free status. It also addresses P. knowlesi disease, a growing threat due to its spread in urban areas.
Prevention of Re-establishment: Strategies to prevent the re-establishment of malaria after elimination are highlighted, especially in regions where the disease has been eradicated.

Humanitarian Emergencies and Malaria

Impact of Conflict and Displacement: Humanitarian emergencies such as conflict, natural disasters, and displacement significantly affect malaria control, particularly for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees.
Public Health Action: The report calls for targeted public health interventions to support vulnerable populations affected by such crises.

Funding and Research

Funding Trends: The report outlines the funding trends for malaria control and elimination from 2021 to 2023, noting that sustained investment is critical to achieving global goals.
Research and Development (R&D): There is a growing investment in malaria-related R&D, with 17 countries introducing vaccines and more on the horizon.

Malaria Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs): The distribution and coverage of ITNs are detailed, showing progress in protecting populations.
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC): SMC has been scaled up in several countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
IPTp Coverage: The report includes data on the coverage of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) by dose.
Diagnosis and Treatment: Emphasis is placed on improving malaria diagnosis and treatment, with progress noted in the rollout of malaria vaccines for children.

Biological Threats

Genetic Resistance: The report discusses deletions in the pfhrp2/3 genes, which affect the accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests.
Drug Resistance: There are updates on the status of antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance from 2015 to 2024.
Insecticide Resistance: The resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides is a growing concern, especially with the spread of Anopheles stephensi in urban areas.

Gender Equality, Human Rights, and Health Equity

Vulnerability to Malaria: Certain groups, including women, persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples, migrant populations, and others, face higher risks of malaria.
Economic Vulnerability: The report highlights how economic instability can exacerbate the burden of malaria.
Gender and Malaria: Gender disparities in access to healthcare and prevention tools are addressed, with a call for equitable policies.
High-Level Response: The report includes a special chapter on the importance of reaching underserved populations, emphasizing the need for inclusive strategies.

Conclusion

Trends in Malaria Burden: Despite progress, malaria remains a significant global health challenge, especially in Africa.
State of Interventions: Current interventions have made strides, but inequities in access and resources continue to hinder progress.
Risks to Progress: Ongoing challenges include fragile health systems, funding shortfalls, drug and insecticide resistance, and climate change.
Opportunities and Path Forward: The report emphasizes the importance of sustained funding, innovation, tailored interventions, and inclusive policies to achieve a malaria-free future.

Acknowledgements and Contributors

The report was developed by Laura Anderson, with supervision by Arnaud Le Menach.
External experts and agencies contributed significantly, including the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP), Global Fund, United States President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), and MMV.
WHO technical staff and NMP specialists from various regions played a key role in data collection, analysis, and review.

Financial Contributions

Funding was received from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Gavi, Global Fund, Government of China, France's Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation, and Unitaid.