世界卫生组织WHO2024年全球疟疾报告促进健康公平英文版320页_12mb

World Malaria Report 2024 Summary

Core Content

The World Malaria Report 2024 focuses on addressing inequity in the global malaria response. It outlines the progress made in malaria control and elimination, highlights the challenges that persist, and emphasizes the need for equitable access to interventions, particularly in underserved populations.

The report includes a comprehensive analysis of global and regional trends in malaria cases and deaths from 2000 to 2023, and discusses the impact of humanitarian emergencies, such as conflict, displacement, and natural disasters, on malaria control. It also addresses biological threats like drug resistance and insecticide resistance, and explores the role of gender equality, human rights, and health equity in malaria prevention and treatment.

The report further highlights technological advances, such as the introduction of new malaria vaccines and improved insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and outlines funding and investment trends in malaria programmes and research.

Main Viewpoints

• Global Progress: Despite challenges, significant progress has been made in reducing malaria cases and deaths since 2000.
• Regional Disparities: Africa continues to bear the majority of the global malaria burden, with 11 countries accounting for about two-thirds of the cases.
• High Burden to High Impact (HBHI): This initiative targets the most affected countries to accelerate progress, with a 13% decline in mortality between 2017 and 2023.
• Malaria Elimination: Nine countries have been certified malaria-free by WHO since 2015, showing that elimination is achievable with sustained efforts.
• Humanitarian Emergencies: These exacerbate malaria challenges, particularly in conflict zones and areas with displaced populations.
• Inequity in Access: Many vulnerable populations, including women, children, persons with disabilities, and migrants, still face barriers to accessing malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Biological Threats: Drug resistance and insecticide resistance remain significant risks to malaria control, as do the spread of P. knowlesi and the invasion of Anopheles stephensi.
• Technological Innovation: New malaria vaccines and improved ITNs are becoming more widely available, offering hope for better control.
• Funding and Investment: Despite some progress, funding for malaria control remains inconsistent, and investment in research and development is crucial for long-term solutions.

Key Information

Global Trends in Malaria Burden

• From 2000 to 2023, global malaria cases and deaths have decreased, though progress is uneven.
• The WHO African Region accounts for the majority of cases and deaths, with 11 countries representing two-thirds of the global burden.
• HBHI countries have seen a 13% decline in malaria mortality since 2017.

Malaria Control and Elimination

• Nine countries have been certified malaria-free by WHO since 2015, including five in the past two years: Azerbaijan, Belize, Cabo Verde, Egypt, and Tajikistan.
• Malaria vaccines for P. falciparum are being introduced in 17 countries through routine childhood immunization.
• New ITNs with better protection than pyrethroid-only nets are becoming more widely available.

Humanitarian Emergencies

• IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) and refugees in malaria-endemic and HBHI countries are at higher risk due to disrupted health systems and limited access to services.
• Public health action is needed to respond to these crises and protect vulnerable populations.

Biological Threats

• Deletions in pfhrp2/3 genes may affect diagnostic accuracy.
• Antimalarial drug resistance and insecticide resistance are growing concerns, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean and Americas.
• Anopheles stephensi, an urban mosquito species, is spreading and increasing transmission risks.

Gender and Equity

• Women and children, especially in low-resource settings, are disproportionately affected by malaria.
• Persons with disabilities, indigenous populations, and migrant communities face unique challenges in accessing malaria interventions.
• The Yaoundé Declaration by 11 HBHI African countries underscores the commitment to ending malaria, with a focus on equity and access.

Funding and Research

• Funding for malaria control has remained inconsistent, with many countries still facing chronic shortfalls.
• Investments in R&D are critical for developing new tools and addressing drug and insecticide resistance.
• The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Gavi, Global Fund, and other organizations have supported the report and malaria initiatives.

Conclusion

The World Malaria Report 2024 emphasizes that while progress has been made, inequity remains a major barrier to achieving global malaria elimination. The report calls for greater investment, targeted interventions, and equitable access to malaria services, especially for vulnerable groups. It also highlights the importance of innovation, collaboration, and political commitment to ensure that all countries can move towards a malaria-free future.

Summary of Key Sections

• Introduction: Highlights the focus on addressing inequity in the global malaria response.
• Global Trends: Provides data on malaria cases and deaths from 2000 to 2023.
• GTS Milestones: Reviews progress towards global malaria targets.
• Elimination: Discusses the status of malaria elimination and challenges.
• Humanitarian Emergencies: Examines the impact of conflict and displacement on malaria control.
• Investments: Analyzes funding trends and research investments in malaria.
• Distribution and Coverage: Reviews the availability and use of malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment tools.
• Biological Threats: Examines drug and insecticide resistance, and the spread of P. knowlesi and Anopheles stephensi.
• Gender and Equity: Explores the intersection of gender, human rights, and health equity in malaria control.
• Conclusion: Summarizes the state of the global malaria response and outlines the path forward.

Acknowledgements

The report is the result of contributions from numerous WHO staff, NMP specialists, external experts, and institutions such as the Malaria Atlas Project, Global Fund, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. These contributions have been essential in compiling data, analyzing trends, and ensuring the report's accuracy and comprehensiveness.

Legal and Licensing

The report is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO license, allowing non-commercial reuse with proper attribution. Users must ensure that no suggestion is made that WHO endorses specific organizations, products, or services.

Summary of Contributions

• Laura Anderson and Arnaud Le Menach led the report's development.
• External experts and NMP specialists contributed to various sections, including biological threats, gender equity, and data collection.
• WHO Regional Offices and country staff played a key role in data validation, review, and analysis.

This report serves as a critical resource for policymakers, researchers, and public health professionals aiming to reduce the global malaria burden and achieve equitable progress.