2023-05-24-世界银行-报废渔具和废弃_丢失和丢弃渔具的管理_回收和回收——来自捕捞业的证据基础（英）_184页_9mb

Summary of Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear: The Evidence Base from Capture Fisheries

Core Content

This report examines the management, retrieval, and recycling of End-of-Life Fishing Gear (EOLFG) and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) in Indonesia, focusing on their environmental, economic, and social impacts. It highlights the importance of addressing these issues as part of Indonesia's broader efforts to reduce marine plastic debris under the National Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris (NPOA-MPD 2017–2025), which aims to reduce marine plastic waste by 70% by 2025.

Main Points

• ALDFG as a Major Source of Marine Debris: ALDFG constitutes a significant portion of marine debris, with some estimates suggesting it makes up over 50% of all marine debris. Globally, it is estimated that 1.14 million tons of ALDFG leak into the ocean annually.

• Impact of ALDFG: ALDFG causes substantial harm to marine ecosystems, fisheries, and human activities. It leads to ghost fishing, entanglement of marine life, habitat smothering, and the transport of invasive species. It also poses risks to navigation, damages infrastructure, and reduces the socioeconomic value of coastal areas.

• Types of Fishing Gear and Vulnerability:

  • Gillnets and entangling nets are the most vulnerable to loss and damage, contributing the highest ecological impact due to their ability to remain active for long periods.
  • Purse seine and encircling nets are also at high risk, though their lower number of vessels in Indonesia makes them a good candidate for targeted prevention efforts.
  • Traps and pots pose the third highest risk.

• Current Practices in Indonesia:

  • Fishing gear is often repaired at home or in open areas near landing sites.
  • Irreparably damaged gear is typically disposed of in intermediate storage facilities before being transported to landfills.
  • Incidental reuse of EOLFG occurs, such as using nets for aquaculture or agricultural fences.
  • Recycling rates are low due to the mixed and contaminated nature of the waste, which increases sorting and cleaning costs.

• Methodology for ALDFG Risk Assessment:

  • A methodology was developed and field tested to assess ALDFG risk based on three factors: quantity of end-of-life plastic generated, vulnerability to loss and damage, and ecological impact likelihood.
  • This methodology is adapted to Indonesia's unique fisheries context and can be used for monitoring and evaluating prevention and mitigation efforts.

• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks:

  • Government Regulation 81/2012 implements MARPOL, requiring garbage management plans for fishing vessels over 100 GT.
  • There are no specific regulations for gear storage and securing systems in Indonesia, which contributes to gear loss.
  • The NPOA-MPD 2017–2025 includes a pillar dedicated to reducing sea-based leakage, emphasizing the need for integrated actions such as port greening and improved waste management systems.

• Socioeconomic Drivers:

  • Over-allocation of fishing licenses, inadequate zone legislation, and lack of enforcement are key factors contributing to gear loss.
  • Socioeconomic conditions influence gear stewardship behaviors, including maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal.

• Recycling Opportunities:

  • Modern fishing gear materials like polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) are recyclable.
  • Recycling can be more profitable with greater economies of scale, increased supply of raw materials, and lower processing costs.
  • The report suggests integrating ALDFG management into the fisheries licensing process, including requirements for gear marking, use of biodegradable materials, and onboard storage systems.

• Retrieval and Monitoring:

  • Retrieval of ALDFG is essential to mitigate its negative impacts.
  • ALDFG reporting is critical for understanding the scale, sources, and causes of gear loss.
  • The Ministry of Environment and Forestry has developed guidelines for marine debris monitoring, but specific ALDFG reporting is still limited.

• Circular Economy and Waste Management:

  • Adequate maintenance and repair facilities can reduce EOLFG and ALDFG generation.
  • The report recommends the establishment of dedicated gear repair areas in fishing ports, as outlined in Ministerial Regulation 8/PER-MEN-KP/2012.
  • Waste collection and storage infrastructure at ports can help aggregate waste, improve sorting, and reduce contamination, thereby increasing the value of materials for recycling.

Key Information

• NPOA-MPD 2017–2025: Aims to reduce marine plastic debris by 70% by 2025, with a focus on reducing sea-based leakage.
• ALDFG: Includes abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear, which is a major contributor to marine debris.
• EOLFG: Fishing gear that needs to be replaced due to wear and tear, and can be a valuable source for recycling if collected and processed.
• Gear Types and Risks:
  • Gillnets and entangling nets: High risk due to long soak times and ghost fishing potential.
  • Purse seine and encircling nets: High relative risk, with potential for targeted prevention.
  • Traps and pots: Third most significant risk.
• Recycling Challenges: Mixed and contaminated waste, lack of sorting and cleaning infrastructure, and high costs.
• Policy Recommendations:
  • Strengthen regulations on gear storage and securing.
  • Develop national policies that go beyond MARPOL requirements.
  • Integrate ALDFG management into fisheries licensing.
  • Encourage market-based incentives through certification and eco-labels.
  • Promote the development of circular economy models for fishing gear recycling.

Conclusion

This report underscores the urgent need for improved management, retrieval, and recycling of ALDFG in Indonesia to achieve national and international marine debris reduction targets. It provides a comprehensive evidence base and policy framework to support sustainable practices in the fisheries sector, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder engagement, regulatory improvements, and infrastructure development.