世界银行-报废渔具和废弃、丢失和丢弃渔具的管理、回收和回收——来自捕捞业的证据基础（英）-2023.5-184页_9mb

Summary of "Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear: The Evidence Base from Capture Fisheries"

Core Content

This report provides an evidence-based analysis of the management, retrieval, and recycling of end-of-life and abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) in Indonesia, highlighting its role in marine plastic debris and the need for integrated strategies to address it. The findings are aligned with the Government of Indonesia's National Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris (NPOA-MPD 2017-2025), which aims to reduce marine plastic debris by 70 percent by 2025, with a specific focus on reducing sea-based leakage, which contributes at least 20 percent of all marine plastic waste in Indonesia.

Main Points

1. ALDFG as a Major Source of Marine Debris

• ALDFG is a significant contributor to marine debris, comprising more than 50 percent of all marine debris in some studies.
• It includes fishing gears and components that are either abandoned, lost, or discarded, and can cause long-term environmental and economic impacts.
• Ghost fishing, entanglement, and the rafting of invasive species are key ecological risks associated with ALDFG.

2. ALDFG Risk Factors

• Quantity of end-of-life material: Purse seine fisheries account for 56 percent of all plastic material used in Indonesia, yet only 4.9 percent of the fleet.
• Vulnerability to loss and damage: Passive gears such as gillnets, entangling nets, and traps are more prone to loss due to long soak times, stealth operation, and seabed deployment.
• Ecological impact: Gillnets and entangling nets pose the highest ecological risk due to prolonged ghost fishing and entanglement effects.

3. Current ALDFG Management Practices in Indonesia

• Most fishing ports lack proper storage and repair infrastructure, leading to informal practices for gear maintenance.
• Irreparably damaged gear is often disposed of in intermediate storage before being sent to landfills.
• Incidental reuse of EOLFG occurs, but recycling rates remain low due to high contamination and sorting costs.
• Current regulations, such as Government Regulation 27/2021, address vessel design but not gear storage or securing systems.

4. Policy and Regulatory Frameworks

• The NPOA-MPD 2017-2025 includes measures to reduce sea-based leakage.
• Government Regulation 81/2012 implements MARPOL, applying to only 858 large fishing vessels.
• There is a need for more tailored national policies to improve reporting and management of ALDFG.

5. ALDFG Prevention and Mitigation

• Prevention is more cost-effective than mitigation or retrieval.
• Effective marine spatial planning (MSP), stakeholder education, and gear marking are essential for ALDFG prevention.
• Gear marking can help identify ownership, detect IUU fishing, and improve monitoring and enforcement.
• Improving gear design and materials (e.g., using biodegradable materials) can reduce damage and loss.

6. ALDFG Retrieval

• Detection and retrieval are necessary to mitigate negative impacts on navigation, ecosystems, and human livelihoods.
• ALDFG reporting is critical for understanding the scale and sources of gear loss.
• Regular, coordinated retrieval efforts are needed, including incentives for fishers to remove ALDFG when encountered.

7. ALDFG in the Circular Economy

• Adequate maintenance and repair facilities can reduce waste and ALDFG generation.
• The establishment of dedicated gear repair and storage infrastructure in fishing ports is recommended.
• Recycling of EOLFG can be economically viable with greater economies of scale, lower material costs, and cheaper processing.

Key Information

• ALDFG types:

  • Abandoned: Deliberately left at sea due to force majeure or unforeseen circumstances.
  • Lost: Cannot be located or retrieved by the operator.
  • Discarded: Released at sea without further control or recovery.

• Material composition:

  • Common materials include polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP).
  • These are recyclable but often mixed and contaminated, increasing recycling costs.

• Current challenges:

  • Inadequate gear storage and repair infrastructure.
  • Low recycling rates due to high sorting and cleaning costs.
  • Lack of enforcement and poor zone legislation leading to gear conflicts and loss.

• Economic and environmental impacts:

  • ALDFG reduces fisheries sustainability and profits.
  • It poses risks to marine wildlife through entanglement, ingestion, and injury.
  • It can damage marine ecosystems, infrastructure, and navigation safety.

• Recommendations:

  • Develop and implement national policies that go beyond MARPOL to address ALDFG.
  • Integrate ALDFG management into fisheries licensing and port regulations.
  • Improve gear marking and tracking systems.
  • Establish dedicated gear repair and recycling facilities in fishing ports.
  • Enhance stakeholder awareness and education on ALDFG impacts and prevention.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to managing ALDFG in Indonesia, integrating prevention, mitigation, and recycling strategies. It calls for improved policy frameworks, better infrastructure, and enhanced awareness to reduce the environmental and economic impacts of ALDFG, aligning with global efforts such as Sustainable Development Goal 14 and the Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI).