2011年-世界发展银行全球_Samoa___Livestock_Production_and_Marketing_57页_2mb

Summary of Samoa Livestock Production and Marketing Technical Assistance Report (2011)

Core Content

This report, prepared as part of a World Bank Technical Assistance (TA) initiative, focuses on the livestock sub-sector in Samoa, aiming to strengthen agriculture institutions, improve competitiveness of livestock products, and identify strategic infrastructure investments. The findings are intended to inform the development of the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project (SACEP) and the Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Sector Plan 2010/11–2015/16.

Key Findings

• Livestock Sub-sector Overview:

  • Approximately 18,000 households are involved in livestock production, with 93% producing for home consumption and 7% for domestic markets.
  • Only 1,100 households are commercial producers engaged in formal marketing.
  • The sector is largely subsistence-based, with small-scale production dominating.

• Livestock Inventories:

  • Cattle: Estimated between 28,000 and 40,000 head. Mostly Droughtmaster and Santa Gertrudis crosses.
  • Pigs: Around 202,000 head, mostly indigenous breeds.
  • Poultry: 450,000 birds, mostly indigenous breeds.
  • Sheep: Estimated at 400 head, all Fiji Fantastic (based on Barbados Blackbelly).
  • Nucleus Farms: Four established in the 1980s and 1990s, but currently underfunded and poorly managed.

• Domestic Meat Competitiveness:

  • Domestic meat production accounts for 35% of total meat consumption, while 65% is imported.
  • Pork is the most consumed meat, with 92% of domestic supply.
  • Beef has the lowest domestic share at 26%, but is cheaper than imported beef.
  • Poultry and eggs are largely imported, with domestic poultry being of lower quality and higher cost.
  • Mutton is almost entirely imported due to limited domestic supply.

• Meat Price Analysis:

  • Domestic meat prices are generally lower than imported prices, except for fa'alavelave (traditional ceremonial meat), which commands a premium.
  • Fresh, hygienically processed meat from domestic sources could compete with imported meat if quality and supply are improved.
  • Poultry and eggs have a 15% price advantage at the farm gate due to indigenous flavor and freshness.

• Challenges in Livestock Production:

  • Low productivity due to poor nutrition, declining genetic quality, and weak husbandry practices.
  • Cattle calving rates are low (35–50%), with high calf mortality (10%).
  • Pigs wean 4–5 piglets annually with 15% mortality.
  • Poultry hatch 6–10 chicks twice a year with 50% chick mortality.
  • Feed supply is limited and costly, with imported feed being expensive due to tariffs, duties, and freight.

Main Recommendations

The report outlines five priority interventions to enhance the competitiveness of the livestock sub-sector:

1. Improve Breeding Stock Access:

   • Establish a two-tiered breeding system (parent stock and multiplier farms).
   • Parent stock farms should be managed by the Animal Production and Health Department (APHD), with upgrades and improved breeding programs.
   • Multiplier farms should be set up based on demand, managed by registered private sector producers.
   • Importation of breeding stock may be necessary to replenish and expand the nucleus farms.

2. Finance Farm Enterprise Investments:

   • Use a combination of demand-driven bank loans, matching grants, and household contributions.
   • These investments will help upgrade facilities such as housing, stock yards, fencing, and water supply.

3. Provide Technical Assistance:

   • Offer guidance on breed selection, nutrition, animal health, and improved husbandry practices.
   • Upgrade the veterinary laboratory and recruit para-veterinarians to support animal health management.

4. Improve Livestock Nutrition:

   • Support locally grown feedstuffs and upgrade pastures for cattle and sheep.
   • Scale up cassava meal production for use as an energy source.
   • Conduct pasture improvement trials involving legumes, weed control, and rotational grazing.

5. Upgrade Slaughter and Hygiene Practices:

   • Implement hygienic slaughter and meat handling to meet retail and fa'alavelave standards.
   • Establish cold-chains and refrigerated transportation to improve meat quality and safety.
   • Develop a three-phase approach:
     • Phase I: National cattle census, Meat Authority, Abattoir and Meat Supply Act, training of inspectors, and field slaughter services in Upolu.
     • Phase II: Additional field slaughter units in Savaii and a hygienic meat campaign.
     • Phase III: Construction of an abattoir near Apia and maintenance of field slaughter services if needed.

Key Information

• Domestic meat imports cost US$13.7 million annually, equivalent to 6% of total imports.
• CIF cost of imported feed in Samoa is 52% higher than FOB price due to tariffs, duties, and freight.
• Cassava meal is a promising alternative for energy in compound feed, but soybean meal is also needed for protein content.
• SACEP is proposed to support these interventions, with a focus on breeding stock, feed supply, slaughter infrastructure, and marketing chains.

Conclusion

The report highlights the potential for improving domestic livestock competitiveness through better breeding, nutrition, and supply chain development. It emphasizes the need for institutional reforms, technical capacity building, and strategic investments in slaughter facilities and feed production to reduce reliance on imports and meet consumer demand for fresh, safe, and high-quality meat.