日前市场负电价的发生及影响研究（英）-29页_1mb

报告摘要

Key Findings on Occurrence: Negative prices surged in spring and summer 2023, with the Netherlands reporting the most hours (212 by August) and extreme lows like -400 €/MWh. These events correlated with high renewable generation (e.g., solar PV) and low demand, occurring predominantly midday and during moderate winter periods.
Price Formation and Causes: Negative prices result from marginal pricing in day-ahead markets, driven by factors such as thermal unit start-up/ramping costs and inadequate price exposure among market players. Demand-side behaviors are not sufficiently responsive due to contractual buffers or subsidies.
Role of Second Auctions: Triggered five times in 2023 in response to extremes (notably in the Netherlands), these auctions failed to effectively reduce price spikes in most instances. They caused delays in market operations, reducing contingency for decoupling events by 69%, and altering bid modifications minimally.
Consumer Impact: Consumers face bill variability; dynamic contracts incentivize optimized consumption during low prices but carry risks of high costs during price peaks. Reporting shows limited uptake, with fewer than 800 contracts active in Belgium, primarily in Flanders.
Recommendations: Second auctions are deemed unsuitable for price moderation; instead, alternative market designs should be explored. Consumers are advised to approach dynamic contracts with caution to mitigate financial risks from high-price hours.