2005年-世界发展银行全球_Land_Markets___Promoting_the_Private_Sector_by_Improving_Access_to_Land_4页_247kb

Summary of "PUBLIC POLICY FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR"

Core Content

This document explores the role of land markets in promoting private sector development, emphasizing the need for secure property rights, transparent pricing, and efficient permitting processes. It outlines the challenges investors face in accessing and using land, and presents various policy solutions that have been implemented or tested in different countries.

Main Issues Identified

Investors in developing countries commonly face four key issues when accessing land:

• Access: Availability of land, price, and terms of acquisition.
• Security: Legal certainty of property rights and their use as collateral.
• Use: Permits for construction and development, time and cost involved.
• Consistency of Treatment: Equal treatment of all investors, including competitors.

These issues significantly impact investment decisions and economic growth.

Key Challenges

Access to State-Owned Land

• In many countries, the state is the primary land provider, especially for land with essential infrastructure.
• Access can be slow, complex, and corrupt, with long procedures and multiple authorities involved.
• Example: In Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, obtaining state-owned land takes 273 days and involves 11 documents.

Access to Tribal and Communal Land

• Much of the land required for mining, tourism, and agribusiness is owned by tribes or communities.
• Unclear ownership and lack of transparency complicate negotiations and often lead to corruption.
• Example: In Mozambique, an unrealistic 90-day deadline for land arrangements caused problems.

Property Rights

• Poorly defined property rights hinder investment, as investors need secure rights for collateral.
• Lack of land cadastres and registration systems is a major issue in many developing economies.
• Example: In Nigeria, acquiring property free of dispute requires 21 procedures and 274 days.

Solutions and Best Practices

Developing a Market-Oriented Long-Term Lease System

• Long-term leases (40-70 years) provide investors with security without full privatization.
• Examples: China and Botswana have used this system to facilitate investment in communal land.

Streamlining Access

• Governments have created special zones with pre-cleared land to simplify the process.
• Example: Egypt's Red Sea Tourism Zone streamlined procedures and boosted investment.
• China introduced public land auctions in 1987, later expanding them nationally in 2002.

Securing Property Rights

• Improving cadastre and registration systems increases the security of property rights.
• Examples:
  • Thailand has a streamlined system with a two-day turnaround.
  • Peru and Bolivia have made progress in securing rural and urban property rights.
  • Cambodia and El Salvador have simplified registration processes.
  • Costa Rica and Lithuania have linked registration and cadastre systems.

Streamlining Use

• Comprehensive reforms in land use planning and construction legislation can improve efficiency.
• Examples:
  • Slovenia overhauled its land use planning system.
  • China, the Czech Republic, and India (Andhra Pradesh) have implemented pilot reforms.

Conclusion

The document highlights the importance of land markets in fostering private sector development and suggests that interim or pilot solutions can effectively reduce investment barriers. These approaches not only promote immediate investment but also provide valuable lessons for broader national reforms. The focus is on balancing economic growth with environmental and social considerations through transparent and inclusive policy frameworks.

References

• McKinsey Global Institute. 2001. India's Growth Imperative. Mumbai.
• World Bank. 2004a. Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth. New York: Oxford University Press.
• World Bank. 2004b. World Development Report 2005: A Better Investment Climate for Everyone. New York: Oxford University Press.

Note

The detailed country information in this document is based on the work of the Foreign Investment Advisory Service (FIAS), a joint facility of the World Bank and International Finance Corporation. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the World Bank or its affiliated organizations.