2023-01-19-亚开行-性别不平等对蒙古长期经济增长的影响（英）_38页_726kb

IMPACT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON LONG-TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MONGOLIA

Introduction

• Female labor force participation (LFPR) in Mongolia is 53.4%, compared to 68.3% for men.
• Gender inequality significantly constrains economic growth due to unpaid care work and workplace discrimination.
• Eliminating gender gaps could increase female LFPR to 63.2%, boosting annual per capita growth by 0.5 percentage points.

Female Labor Force Participation

• Mongolia faces a declining female LFPR, widening the gender gap over the past two decades.
• Female employment is dominated in low-paying sectors like services and trade, with high wage inequality.
• Challenges include limited childcare services, workplace harassment, early retirement, and societal norms.

The Model

• A calibrated overlapping generations model shows that removing gender inequality could increase economic output and growth.
• Key factors include home production, child-rearing, and market work.
• The alternative scenario with gender equality marginally increases female LFPR and boosts growth.

Fostering Women’s Participation

• International examples include parental leave policies, childcare subsidies, and promoting flexible work arrangements.
• Countries like Finland, Norway, and Japan have successfully increased female employment through affordable childcare and equal opportunities.

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

• Enable gender equality through legal reforms, inclusive workplace policies, and incentives for fathers.
• Economic measures should include tax reforms, expanded childcare, and flexible work options.
• Address unpaid care work by investing in care infrastructure, promoting shared responsibilities, and valuing unpaid labor.
• Policy Recommendations include:
  • Enforcing gender-responsive legal frameworks.
  • Expanding access to affordable childcare and early childhood education.
  • Promoting gender-inclusive workplace practices.
  • Valuing unpaid care work and integrating gender design into infrastructure projects.