国际可再生资源机构-近海可再生能源：部署行动议程（英）-2021_120页_11mb

Summary of IRENA's "Offshore Renewables: An Action Agenda for Deployment" (2021)

Core Content

IRENA's report outlines the current status, emerging trends, and future outlook of offshore renewable energy technologies, including offshore wind, ocean energy, and floating solar PV. It highlights the role of the G20 in advancing offshore renewables and provides a set of recommendations to support their large-scale commercialisation. The report is structured around key themes such as market status, technological trends, contributions to the blue economy and energy transition, and strategic actions for G20 members.

Main Points

Offshore Wind

• Market Status: By the end of 2020, global offshore wind capacity reached over 34 GW, with Europe accounting for more than 70% of the total. China, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the UK were the leading countries in new installations.
• Trends:
  • Development of larger turbines (e.g., Vestas' 15 MW turbine).
  • Floating foundations for deeper waters (e.g., Hywind Tampen in Norway).
  • Combined-technology power plants (e.g., Eco Wave Project).
  • Offshore energy hubs (e.g., artificial islands in Denmark).
  • Integration with green hydrogen production (e.g., AquaVentus project in Germany).
  • Airborne wind energy systems in demonstration phase.
• Cost Competitiveness: Offshore wind LCOE is projected to drop to USD 0.05–0.08/kWh by 2023, with floating wind expected to reach USD 0.13/kWh by 2024.
• Future Outlook: In a 1.5°C scenario, global offshore wind capacity is expected to exceed 380 GW by 2030 and 2000 GW by 2050.

Ocean Energy

• Market Status: By 2020, global ocean energy capacity reached over 515 MW, with tidal energy dominating. The UK, France, and Canada are leading in tidal projects, while the US, Australia, and South Korea are active in wave energy.
• Trends:
  • Shift from tidal barrage to tidal stream and wave technologies.
  • Development of multiple wave energy prototypes (e.g., oscillating water column, point absorber).
  • Combined-technology power plants (e.g., coupling with offshore wind and solar PV).
  • Business models for blue economy sectors (e.g., aquaculture, desalination, cooling).
• Cost Competitiveness: Tidal energy LCOE is expected to fall to USD 0.11/kWh by 2022–2030, and wave energy could reach USD 0.22/kWh by 2025 and USD 0.165/kWh by 2030.
• Future Outlook: In a 1.5°C scenario, ocean energy capacity could reach over 70 GW by 2030 and 350 GW by 2050.

Floating Solar PV

• Market Status: As of August 2020, global floating solar PV capacity reached around 2.6 GW, with major projects in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea.
• Trends:
  • Deployment over artificial and natural water bodies (e.g., dams and lakes).
  • Expansion into seawater (e.g., Seychelles’ 5.8 MW lagoon project).
  • Combined-technology power plants (e.g., Maasvlakte 2 in the Netherlands).
  • Integration with desalination and other blue economy applications.
• Cost Competitiveness: Floating solar PV is expected to approach onshore solar PV prices by 2030.
• Future Outlook: Floating solar PV could play a significant role in the blue economy, especially for islands and SIDS.

Key Contributions

• Blue Economy: Offshore renewables can support various blue economy sectors such as aquaculture, desalination, and shipping through electrification and green hydrogen production.
• Energy Transition: These technologies are essential for decarbonising the power system and achieving climate goals, particularly under the 1.5°C scenario.
• Island and Coastal Communities: Offshore renewables offer a sustainable alternative to diesel imports and support climate-safe recovery and coastal protection.

Recommendations to the G20

IRENA recommends the G20 take several actions to support offshore renewable deployment:

• Socio-Political:
  • Observe the UN Law of the Sea Convention for ocean governance.
  • Promote marine spatial planning (MSP) that includes offshore renewable projects.
  • Cooperate with IRENA's Collaborative Framework to share data and best practices.
  • Foster co-ordination in offshore grid infrastructure planning.
  • Conduct joint research on technical potential and industrial development.
• Policy and Regulation:
  • Develop supportive regulatory frameworks.
  • Ensure policy alignment with climate and energy goals.
• Technology and Infrastructure:
  • Invest in R&D and demonstration projects.
  • Support innovation in floating and airborne wind technologies.
  • Develop infrastructure for offshore energy integration and storage.
• Economic and Financial:
  • Create financial incentives for offshore renewables.
  • Encourage public-private partnerships.
  • Support access to financing for small island developing states (SIDS).
• Environmental Considerations:
  • Conduct environmental impact assessments (EIAs).
  • Ensure sustainable development and protection of marine ecosystems.

Cross-Cutting Considerations

• Ocean Governance: Requires international co-operation and adherence to legal frameworks.
• Marine Spatial Planning (MSP): Helps in optimising ocean space use and integrating offshore renewables.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Necessary to evaluate the ecological effects of offshore projects.
• Extreme Weather Conditions: Offshore renewables must be designed to withstand harsh marine environments.

Conclusion

IRENA underscores the G20's pivotal role in accelerating offshore renewables deployment due to its economic and political influence. The report provides a roadmap for countries to harness these technologies effectively, aligning with global sustainability goals and supporting the transition to a low-carbon future.