国际能源署-基于排放强度的氢定义（英）-2023.4-89页_6mb

Summary of IEA Report: Towards Hydrogen Definitions Based on Their Emissions Intensity

Background and Purpose

The International Energy Agency (IEA) report examines the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity of hydrogen production routes to support policymakers, producers, and investors. It aims to define hydrogen clearer hydrogen definitions. Based on IEA is designed to inform policies for the G7 Climate, Energy and Environmental Ministerial meeting in April 2023. The report highlights how defining hydrogen based on emissions intensity can enhance transparency, facilitate investment, and minimize market fragmentation, especially with the growth of low-emission hydrogen applications.

Key Findings

Emissions Intensity and Production Methods

• The emissions intensity of hydrogen varies significantly by production route. For instance:
  • Unabated fossil fuels result in intensities as high as 27 kg CO2-eq/kg H2.
  • Renewable electricity via electrolysis has zero emissions.
  • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) with fossil fuels (e.g., natural gas or coal) can reduce intensity but depends on capture rates and upstream emissions.
• In IEA scenarios, global average emissions intensity decreases from ~12-13 kg CO2-eq/kg H2 in 2021 to below 3 kg CO2-eq/kg H2 in the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) by 2050 and to 0.8-1 kg CO2-eq/kg H2 in the Net Zero by 2050 Scenario (NZE) by 2050.

Hydrogen's Role in Decarbonization

• Hydrogen, ammonia, and hydrogen-based fuels are critical for decarbonizing sectors like heavy industry and long-distance transport, contributing to global net zero ambitions.
• Current hydrogen demand is primarily industrial and refining, but new applications (e.g., electricity generation, transport) are growing slowly due to barriers like regulatory uncertainty and infrastructure gaps.

Challenges and Benefits of Emissions-Based Definitions

• Terminologies like "green," "blue," or "low-carbon" hydrogen lack international standards and can obscure differences in emissions levels, hindering investment contracts and causing market fragmentation.
• Defining hydrogen based on emissions intensity provides clarity and interoperability for regulations and certification schemes, facilitating investment and trade. It enables mutually recognized standards across countries.

Costs and Deployment

• Low-emission hydrogen costs are higher than fossil-based methods but could become competitive by 2030 in regions with abundant renewables or cheap fossil fuels.
• Deployment is slow, with only 4% of announced projects under construction in 2021, due to uncertain demand, lack of infrastructure, and regulatory barriers.

Recommendations for International Cooperation

• P各国应 developed基于 IPHE methodology an international emissions accounting framework to standardize hydrogen definitions, promoting interoperability and investment.
• G7 members, as leaders in hydrogen decarbonization, should spearhead collaborative efforts on methodology development and mutual recognition of certifications.
• Strengthen dialogue with partners like potential exporters and emerging economies to ensure inclusivity and benefit-sharing in the global hydrogen market.
• Incorporate non-GHG sustainability criteria (e.g., water use, socio-economic impacts) into frameworks iteratively as data and standards mature.
• Implement practical measures, such as product passports, to integrate multiple criteria and enhance transparency.

Annex Notes

• G7 and association countries are key players, accounting for significant hydrogen production and demand.
• Financial support from Japan and expert input from various institutions contribute to the report's findings.

The report underscores that clear, internationally agreed definitions based on emissions intensity are essential for accelerating hydrogen deployment and scaling up sustainable energy transitions, both domestically and internationally.