2022-01-12-亚开行-印度尼西亚城市贫民的恢复力建设（英）_120页_8mb

Summary of Building Resilience of the Urban Poor in Indonesia

Core Content

This report focuses on the intersection of poverty and climate change in Indonesia, particularly among the urban poor. It outlines a comprehensive framework for building climate resilience in urban areas, emphasizing the need for integrated, inclusive, and adaptive strategies. The report is part of the Asian Development Bank (ADB)’s Advancing Inclusive and Resilient Urban Development Targeted at the Urban Poor technical assistance project and is aligned with the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020–2024.

Main Points

• Climate and Disaster Risks: Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic country, is highly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Urban areas, home to nearly 55% of the population, are particularly exposed due to high population density, coastal cities facing sea level rise, and urban heat island effects.

• Poverty and Climate Nexus: The urban poor, who make up about 7% of the urban population, face significant challenges due to climate shocks and stresses. These include damage to assets, livelihoods, and limited savings, often forcing them to adopt negative coping strategies. The near-poor (those just above the poverty line) are also at risk of falling into poverty due to these impacts.

• Policy Alignment: The Climate Resilience Development Policy (PBI) 2020–2045 identifies four priority sectors—water, marine and coastal, agriculture, and health—that directly affect the urban poor. The report aligns with these priorities and the RPJMN’s goals for poverty reduction and urban development.

• Resilience Framework: The report presents five key policy areas for building resilience among the urban poor:

  • Adaptive and shock-responsive social protection
  • Sustainable livelihoods
  • Effective public health systems
  • Safe housing
  • Robust community infrastructure

• Enabling Factors: Success in these policy areas depends on three enabling factors:

  • Governance: Inclusive and risk-informed governance structures are essential to address local vulnerabilities and ensure that climate resilience is integrated into decision-making.
  • Data: Access to climate, disaster, and poverty data supports informed policy and program design.
  • Finance: Securing and scaling up financial resources is crucial for implementing resilience-building initiatives.

Key Strategies

1. Adaptive and Shock-Responsive Social Protection

• Social protection systems must be designed to adapt to climate risks and support vulnerable households.
• Integration with livelihood and financial inclusion programs can promote transformational adaptation.
• Actions include incorporating climate data into social protection databases, expanding programs through local governments, and aligning financing with national disaster risk strategies.

2. Sustainable Livelihoods

• Strengthening livelihoods requires measures such as targeted policies, skill development, and access to disaster insurance.
• Resilient livelihood programs should support micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and climate-induced migrants.
• Initiatives include business continuity planning, microfinance programs with disaster resilience, and leveraging local funds like the Kelurahan Fund.

3. Effective Public Health Systems

• Climate change is expected to increase health risks such as heat stress, vector-borne diseases, and waterborne illnesses.
• Public health systems must be strengthened with climate adaptation measures, including early warning systems, health policies that address climate impacts, and community awareness programs.

4. Safe Housing

• Urban poor are at higher risk due to weak housing structures, substandard materials, and high exposure to hazards.
• Resilient housing requires risk-informed upgrading, rehabilitation, and relocation policies.
• Community-led initiatives such as participatory redevelopment and land purchase programs are recommended to ensure that the needs of poor households are addressed.

5. Robust Community Infrastructure

• Infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, drainage, and electricity is vulnerable to climate and disaster risks.
• Resilient infrastructure must be designed with sustainability in mind, including climate-resilient water management and green infrastructure.
• The RPJMN 2020–2024 aims to provide 10 million clean water connections and 90% sanitation access by 2024.

Conclusion

Building resilience among the urban poor in Indonesia requires a multi-faceted approach that integrates climate risk management with poverty reduction. This involves enhancing governance, leveraging data, and securing finance to support targeted interventions in key sectors. The report emphasizes the importance of scaling up "no regret" solutions and ensuring that resilience-building efforts are inclusive, adaptive, and aligned with national development goals.

Key Recommendations

• Integrate climate resilience into national and local development plans.
• Strengthen social protection systems to respond to climate shocks.
• Develop targeted livelihood programs for the urban poor.
• Improve public health systems with climate adaptation measures.
• Promote sustainable and resilient housing and community infrastructure.
• Foster partnerships and innovation to scale up resilience-building initiatives.

Supporting Information

• The report includes tables, figures, and boxes that highlight institutional responsibilities, climate impact projections, and case studies from cities like Cirebon and Makassar.
• It references the RISE Program, which supports community-led initiatives in informal settlements.
• The UCCRTF (Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund) and other ADB initiatives provide financial and technical support for these efforts.

Acknowledgments

The report was developed with the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and various Indonesian government agencies, including BAPPENAS, BNPB, and PUPR. It also benefits from the input of experts and consultants in climate change, urban development, and social protection.