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Global Energy Review 2025 Summary

Core Content

The Global Energy Review 2025, published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), provides an in-depth analysis of the energy sector's performance in 2024. It highlights the global trends in energy demand, fuel consumption, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, while emphasizing the role of clean energy technologies in mitigating emissions growth.

Main Points

Global Energy Demand

• Global energy demand grew by 2.2% in 2024, a faster rate than the past decade's average of 1.3%.
• Electricity demand surged by 4.3%, outpacing overall energy demand and GDP growth.
• The power sector accounted for three-fifths of the total energy demand increase, driven by:
  • Increased cooling needs due to record temperatures.
  • Electrification of transport and industry.
  • Expansion of data centres and AI.
• Energy intensity improvements slowed, with a 1% increase in 2024, down from 1.2% in 2023.

Fuel-Specific Trends

• Oil demand growth slowed to 0.8%, the lowest since 2019, with oil's share of total energy demand dropping below 30% for the first time.
  • China's oil demand growth decelerated significantly, from 8.7% in 2023 to 0.8% in 2024.
  • Non-feedstock uses of oil remained stable compared to 2019 levels.
• Natural gas demand increased by 2.7%, the fastest growth among fossil fuels.
  • The growth was largely driven by Asia's emerging markets and industrial and power sectors.
  • Extreme temperatures contributed to 20% of the increase in gas demand.
• Coal demand rose by 1%, primarily due to increased power generation in China and India.
  • China remained the largest coal consumer, accounting for 58% of global coal use.
  • Metallurgical coal demand declined due to reduced steel production.

Renewable and Clean Energy Growth

• Renewables accounted for 38% of global energy supply growth, with solar PV leading the expansion.
• Nuclear power also saw significant growth, with over 7 GW of new capacity added in 2024.
• Electric vehicles (EVs) continued to grow, with global sales surpassing 17 million units in 2024, representing 20% of total car sales.
• Heat pumps and wind and solar PV played a crucial role in reducing emissions, contributing to the avoidance of 2.6 billion tonnes of CO₂ annually.

CO₂ Emissions

• Energy-related CO₂ emissions rose by 0.8% in 2024, slower than the previous year's 1.2%.
• Record temperatures contributed to around half of the emissions increase.
• Clean energy technologies have helped to decouple emissions growth from economic expansion.
• Advanced economies saw a 1.1% decline in emissions, reaching levels last seen in the 1970s.

Regional Highlights

• China and India were the largest contributors to global energy demand growth.
• China's energy demand growth slowed to under 3%, but it still accounted for over half of the global increase.
• India's demand growth exceeded that of all advanced economies combined.
• The European Union returned to growth for the first time since 2017.
• The United States saw a 1.7% increase in energy demand, driven by petrochemical use.
• Japan continued its long-term decline in energy demand, with a 1.2% drop.

Key Information

Clean Energy Impact

• Renewables and nuclear together accounted for 40% of total electricity generation in 2024.
• Solar PV and wind contributed 670 TWh to global electricity generation.
• Nuclear power increased by 100 TWh, the largest increase since the 2000s.

Climate and Economic Factors

• Cooling demand was a major driver of electricity use, especially in China, India, and the US.
• Extreme weather conditions significantly influenced energy consumption patterns and emissions.
• Economic recovery post-pandemic in China and India led to higher energy intensity and emissions growth.

Future Outlook

• The IEA's projections for 2024 were largely accurate, with oil demand and gas demand aligning with expectations.
• Nuclear power construction saw a 50% increase in 2024, with Chinese and Russian designs dominating.
• Energy efficiency improvements have slowed, with the global energy intensity improving by just 1% in 2024.

Conclusion

The 2024 energy sector experienced a notable acceleration in demand, driven by the power sector and rising temperatures, but also saw a deceleration in fossil fuel growth and a strong expansion in renewables and nuclear. Despite a slight increase in CO₂ emissions, the adoption of clean technologies has been instrumental in curbing emissions growth. China and India remained central to global energy demand, while advanced economies showed a return to growth and a reduction in emissions. The IEA continues to emphasize the importance of clean energy adoption and policy support in shaping a more sustainable and resilient energy future.