2017年可再生能源与就业机会年度回顾（英文）_24页-5mb

Summary of Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 2017

Core Content

The Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 2017 provides an overview of global renewable energy employment trends in 2016. It highlights the growth of the sector, regional disparities, and the impact of policy, automation, and market dynamics on job creation and loss.

Key Facts

• Global Renewable Energy Employment: 9.8 million people in 2016, a 1.1% increase from 2015.
• Excluding Large Hydropower: 8.3 million jobs, up 2.8%.
• Top Job Markets: China, Brazil, the United States, India, Japan, and Germany.
• Asia Dominates: 62% of global renewable energy jobs located in Asia.
• Solar PV is the Largest Employer: 3.1 million jobs, up 12% from 2015.
• Wind Employment: 1.2 million jobs, up 7%.
• Biofuels Employment: 1.7 million (liquid biofuels), 0.7 million (solid biomass), and 0.3 million (biogas).
• Solar Heating and Cooling: Declined to 0.8 million jobs, down 12%.
• Large Hydropower: 1.5 million direct jobs, with 60% in operation and maintenance.
• Gender Discrimination: Less pronounced in renewables compared to the energy sector, but challenges remain.

Main Trends and Analysis

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

• Growth Drivers: Falling costs and supportive policies.
• Global Capacity: 71 GW added in 2016, up 50% from 2015.
• Job Growth: 12% increase to 3.1 million jobs.
• Regional Highlights:
  • China: Dominates the market, accounting for over half the jobs.
  • India: 121,000 jobs, up 17%.
  • United States: 242,000 jobs, up 24%.
  • Japan: 20% decline due to slowed installations.
  • EU: 22% decline in 2015, with further reductions in 2016.

Wind Energy

• Global Employment: 1.2 million jobs, up 7%.
• Key Countries:
  • China: 509,000 jobs, 44% of global total.
  • United States: 102,500 jobs, up 28%.
  • Germany: 20,500 offshore jobs, but total employment down 4%.
  • India and Brazil: Significant contributors to new capacity.
• Automation Impact: Manufacturing and O&M jobs are affected by increased automation and consolidation in the industry.

Liquid Biofuels

• Global Employment: ~1.7 million jobs, up 2%.
• Key Markets: Brazil, China, the United States, and India.
• Brazil: Largest biofuel job market with ~783,000 jobs, but employment declined by 10% in 2016.
• Indonesia: Biodiesel production rebounded due to domestic demand and subsidies, leading to a 100% increase in jobs.
• Mechanization: Reduces labor needs in feedstock harvesting, particularly in Brazil and the US.

Solar Heating and Cooling

• Global Employment: 0.8 million jobs, down 12%.
• Decline in Major Markets: China, Brazil, and the EU.
• China: 690,000 jobs, down 10%.
• Brazil: 43,370 jobs, down 7%.
• EU: 8.6% decline in 2015, with continued challenges.

Large Hydropower

• Global Employment: ~1.5 million direct jobs, down 7% from 2015.
• China: Share of large hydropower jobs dropped from 37% in 2013 to 21% in 2016.
• India: 16% of global jobs in large hydropower.
• O&M Dominates: ~60% of large hydropower jobs are in operation and maintenance.
• Construction and Installation: Declined to 34% of total jobs due to reduced project pipeline.

Regional Employment Dynamics

• Asia's Growth: 62% of global renewable energy jobs in 2016, with China leading at 44%.
• EU Decline: Share of global jobs dropped from 19% in 2013 to 14% in 2016.
• Gender Representation: Higher than in traditional energy sectors, with women making up 28% of US solar jobs and 33.8% in sales and distribution.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Automation: Reduces labor needs in manufacturing and O&M, especially in solar and wind.
• Policy Impact: Changes in feed-in tariffs and investment incentives can lead to job creation or loss.
• Trade Policies: Affect employment in manufacturing, with China expanding its footprint.
• Future Outlook: Wind energy could reach 3 million jobs by 2030 and 4 million by 2050 under favorable policies.

Conclusion

Renewable energy continues to be a significant source of employment, with solar PV and wind leading the growth. While the rate of growth has moderated in recent years, the sector remains more employment-intensive than fossil fuels. Asia is the primary driver of job creation, and China leads in employment numbers. However, challenges such as mechanization, policy uncertainty, and trade dynamics affect job stability and distribution. The shift from fossil fuels to renewables is creating new opportunities, but also necessitates addressing labor productivity and gender equity in the sector.