世界银行-交通弹性融资_资源和机会（英）-2025_141页_4mb

Transport Resilience Financing, Resources and Opportunities Summary

Core Content

This report, authored by Guillermo Diaz Fanas, Jing Xiong, and Helen Gall for The World Bank, focuses on the challenges and opportunities in financing climate-resilient transport systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It provides an analysis of global and national funding mechanisms, tax measures, and innovative financial instruments, along with recommendations for governments and development partners to enhance private sector participation (PSP) in transport resilience.

Main Views

1. The Urgency of Transport Resilience Financing

• Climate and disaster risks significantly threaten transport infrastructure and services, leading to economic and social disruptions.
• Global adaptation finance is insufficient, with developing countries requiring US$ 212 billion annually by 2030 and US$ 239 billion between 2031 and 2050.
• Transport received only 1.6% of global adaptation finance in 2022, highlighting its underrepresentation in climate funding.

2. Current Financing Landscape

• Public finance dominates adaptation funding, accounting for 98% of the US$ 63 billion in 2022.
• Private sector involvement is minimal, contributing only 2%, and often fragmented.
• Climate mitigation receives significantly more attention and funding than adaptation, with adaptation finance being only 1/18th of mitigation finance.

3. Key Financing Tools and Mechanisms

• 42 global climate finance facilities were reviewed, but adaptation is rarely a focus, and transport is often not a priority.
• 33 public funds and 29 tax measures were analyzed, with infrastructure levies being the most common but often not actively used due to economic downturns, low revenue, and mismanagement.
• Tax measures such as carbon taxes, vehicle taxes, and fuel taxes have potential for resilience financing, especially in the context of e-mobility and transport technology transitions.

4. Private Sector Participation (PSP)

• The private sector can play a transformative role in transport resilience through expertise, efficiency, and financial resources.
• PSP requires coordinated efforts across all levels of government and key functions.
• Performance-Based Contracts (PBCs) and resilience clauses in contracts can help integrate disaster resilience into project design and implementation.

Key Information

1. Challenges in Transport Resilience Financing

• Measuring benefits of resilience is difficult, making it hard to justify investments.
• Adaptation costs are often seen as extra, and limited financing options make these costs challenging to address.
• Fragmented funding and lack of data on utilization create significant barriers to understanding and planning for transport resilience.

2. Opportunities for Improvement

• International climate finance (e.g., from MDBs) can be leveraged to support adaptation projects.
• Domestic public resources can be reformed and allocated to prioritize transport resilience.
• Tax reforms and non-road-based revenue options (e.g., land value capture, congestion pricing) can help generate additional funding.

3. Innovative Financial Instruments

• Resilience bonds can attract sustainable development-focused investors.
• Blended finance can combine public and private funds to reduce risk and enhance project viability.
• Sovereign green bonds, sustainability-linked bonds, and credit guarantees are tools that can mobilize private capital for resilient transport.

Recommendations

1. Access International Climate Finance

   • Advocate for increased Multilateral Development Bank (MDB) financing for adaptation projects, especially in vulnerable regions.
   • Promote the inclusion of transport resilience in global climate financing facilities.

2. Mobilize Domestic Public Resources

   • Establish or reform dedicated resilience funds at national and subnational levels.
   • Allocate fuel and vehicle tax revenues to resilience-focused projects.
   • Reform infrastructure levies and explore non-road-based revenue options.

3. Quantify Benefits and Improve Data Collection

   • Enhance data collection to better justify resilience investments.
   • Use climate risk assessments and actionable climate data to support decision-making.

4. Incremental Cost Sharing

   • Share adaptation costs among governments, donors, and private investors to improve project feasibility.

5. Efficient Resource Allocation

   • Prioritize high-impact resilience projects based on cost-effectiveness, long-term benefits, and vulnerability reduction potential.

6. Strengthen Operations and Maintenance (O&M)

   • Ensure adequate funding for O&M to maintain and enhance resilient transport systems.
   • Incorporate resilience considerations into routine maintenance plans.

7. Policy Integration and Institutional Capacity

   • Embed resilience objectives into national and sectoral policies, such as NDCs.
   • Strengthen public-private partnership (PPP) frameworks and institutional coordination.

8. Innovative Contracting Mechanisms

   • Use performance-based contracts and resilience clauses to integrate disaster resilience into project contracts.
   • Include force majeure clauses, hardship provisions, and risk-sharing mechanisms.

9. Country-Specific Adaptation

   • Tailor recommendations to local contexts and market conditions.
   • Pilot approaches in countries with advanced PPP experience, such as Brazil, to inform broader implementation.

Conclusion

The World Bank Group is well-positioned to support countries in developing climate-resilient transport systems through technical assistance, transaction advisory services, and financing instruments. The report outlines a comprehensive roadmap for PSP in transport resilience, covering policy reforms, project preparation, public funding, and innovative financing. It emphasizes the need for collaboration across all stages of the project lifecycle and the importance of systematic planning and data-driven decision-making to close the adaptation finance gap and advance climate-resilient development.