世界银行-加强巴西的农业支持_建立有竞争力_绿色和包容性的农业食品部门的政策（英）-2025_104页_5mb

Brazil's agrifood sector is a major contributor to the economy, accounting for about 8.4% of GDP, 16.2% of employment, and 40% of exports, with total economic contribution reaching 22% when including supporting activities. However, it faces significant challenges, including structural inequalities in rural areas—around 3 million families live in extreme poverty—and high levels of food insecurity (18.6% of family farmers). Climate change poses a major threat, with Brazil losing an average of 1% of agricultural GDP annually due to extreme weather events, and the sector contributing 26% of total GHG emissions.

At the federal level, total public support has decreased from 0.7% of GDP in 2000-02 to 0.5% in 2020-22, well below the OECD average. Support is heavily skewed toward subsidized credit, which is regressive and concentrated in large farms, particularly in Southern regions. Subsidized credit is the primary tool, but it has not improved access for family farmers in economically disadvantaged areas. As a result, only 15% of family farmers report having access to credit.

At the state level—focusing on Bahia, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo—the support is even lower, around 0.05% of state GDP. Bahia allocated a significant portion to general services (69% of TSE), while São Paulo had the highest TSE (0.05% of GDP). However, public goods support as a share of agricultural GDP is far below the OECD average, limiting its effectiveness.

The key recommendations are to increase support for agrifood public goods and services, shifting resources to R&D and infrastructure to improve returns. Repurpose producer support to promote climate-smart agriculture by conditioning credits on sustainability practices and expanding environmental criteria. Diversify support tools, such as increasing decoupled payments, partial credit guarantees, and payments for ecosystem services. Shift from subsidizing inputs to risk management instruments, particularly agricultural insurance, to help farmers cope with climate-related risks and protect investments.

Overall, the goal is to make the agrifood sector more competitive, green, and inclusive by reforming support policies to address environmental and social challenges.
Conclusions and policy recommendations are based on the OECD methodology, which measures support comprehensively, including transfers to producers, consumers, and public services, to enable policy dialogues and evaluations across countries.