世界银行-弥合差距：泰国的不平等与就业（英）-2023-93页_8mb

报告摘要

Thailand has made significant progress in reducing income inequality over the past two decades, but inequality remains high, especially income and wealth concentration.
In 2021, income inequality (Gini coefficient) reached 43.3% and wealth inequality soared to 74.2% for the top 10% share (highest among peer countries).
Poverty declined significantly (from 42.3% in 2000 to 6.3% in 2021) but regional disparities persist, particularly in the South and Northeast.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a mild impact on inequality in Thailand, partly due to expanded social assistance.
Social transfers reached 30 million people, but benefits were smaller for poorer households despite higher coverage.
Fiscal policy reduced inequality by 8.9 points on the Gini index in 2019, outperforming many UMICs in cash transfers.

Education Gaps: Education inequality is the largest contributor to income disparity, with only 5% of poor youth completing tertiary education (compared to 52% for rich youth).
Labor Market Issues: Less-educated workers are concentrated in low-productivity agriculture and informal employment, with 70% of low-educated workers in informal jobs.
Geographic Disparities: Spatial inequality is evident, with Bangkok's GDP per capita being 6.5x higher than the Northeast, yet poverty remains higher in rural areas.

Thailand's fiscal system is progressive, with the richest 10% contributing 3x more than the poorest in cash terms.
Tax revenues are low (16% of GDP), with reliance on less progressive indirect taxes despite a progressive Personal Income Tax (PIT).
Policy recommendations include strengthening social protection, improving tax collection, and increasing spending on health and education.

Short-term: Address learning losses, inflation, food insecurity, and household debt.
Medium-term: Revitalize the economy through reskilling, education reform, and women's labor force participation.
Long-term: Boost farm incomes through productivity, diversification, and market access. Promote equal opportunities in education and foundational skills.