2005-12-31-世界卫生组织-2006_GSHS_Country_Report_Tajikistan_30页_668kb

GSHS Country Report Summary: Tajikistan

Core Content Overview

The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) is a comprehensive survey conducted in Tajikistan in 2006 to assess health behaviors and risk factors among students aged 13-15. This report outlines key findings in tobacco use, alcohol and drug use, mental health, violence and unintentional injury, and sexual behaviors that contribute to HIV infection, other STIs, and unintended pregnancy.

Main Points and Key Information

1. Acknowledgments

• The survey was organized and implemented successfully by the Ministry of Education of Tajikistan.
• Special thanks to I.H. Karimova, the Deputy Minister of Education and National Coordinator of GSHS.
• Support from WHO, CDC, UNICEF, UNFPA, and other international and local organizations was crucial.
• The report was prepared with the coordination of Ms. Yukie Mokuo (UNICEF Representative) and Nisso Kasymova (UNICEF National Officer).
• Recognition is given to the survey organization committee, school principals, and students for their participation.

Survey Methodology

Sampling

• A two-stage cluster sampling method was used.
• Stage 1: Schools with Grades 7-9 were selected based on enrollment size.
• Stage 2: Intact classrooms were randomly selected from each school.
• In schools with fewer students, classes were combined into one Primary Sampling Unit (PSU).

Weighting

• A weighting formula was applied to account for non-response and varying probabilities of selection.
• The formula included adjustments for school, class, and stratification levels.
• Weighting ensured the results were representative of the entire population of students in Grades 7-9.

Response Rates

• School response rate: 99.0%
• Student response rate: 81.1%
• Overall response rate: 80.0%
• The dataset was cleaned and analyzed using software that considered the complex sample design.

Key Findings

2.1. Tobacco Use

• 2.5% of students used any form of tobacco in the past 30 days.
• Male students (3.1%) were more likely than female students (1.7%) to smoke.
• 16.8% of students reported seeing people smoke in their presence in the past 7 days.
• 16.7% of students had a parent or guardian who used tobacco.
• Male students (20.9%) were more likely than female students (12.0%) to see people smoke.

2.2. Alcohol and Drug Use

• 0.9% of students consumed alcohol on one or more days in the past 30 days.
• Male students (1.3%) were more likely than female students (0.4%) to use alcohol.
• 4.4% of students first drank alcohol before age 14.
• Male students (5.6%) were more likely than female students (2.9%) to start drinking before 14.
• 1.7% of students had been "really drunk" in their lifetime.
• Male students (2.3%) were more likely than female students (0.7%) to have been "really drunk".
• 2.6% of students experienced consequences like hangovers, sickness, or fights due to drinking.
• Male students (3.4%) were more likely than female students (1.4%) to experience these consequences.
• 1.1% of students used illicit drugs (e.g., marijuana, hashish, opium, heroin).
• 1.6% of students first used drugs before age 14.
• 52.7% of students who used drugs first did so before age 7.
• 1.6% of students shared needles or syringes for drug injection.

2.3. Mental Health

• 2.9% of students felt lonely most or all of the time in the past 12 months.
• 3.0% of students felt so worried they could not sleep.
• 23.9% of students felt so sad or hopeless for two weeks or more that they stopped doing usual activities.
• 12.6% of students seriously considered attempting suicide in the past 12 months.
• 12.0% of students had made a suicide plan.
• 10.2% of students reported having no close friends.

2.4. Violence and Unintentional Injury

• 21.5% of students were involved in a physical fight in the past 12 months.
• Male students (28.8%) were more than twice as likely as female students (12.5%) to be involved in a fight.
• 17.5% of students experienced serious injuries in the past 12 months.
• Male students (21.9%) were almost twice as likely as female students (12.2%) to experience serious injuries.
• Common causes of serious injury included accidents (25.0%), falls (10.7%), and sports-related activities (7.6%).
• 17.0% of students who experienced serious injuries had a broken bone or dislocated joint.

2.5. Sexual Behaviors

• 3.0% of students had their first sexual intercourse before age 13.
• 2.1% of students had sexual intercourse with two or more partners.
• Male students (2.2%) were more likely than female students (0.3%) to have had sexual intercourse.
• 4.1% of male students had first sex before age 13, compared to 1.5% of female students.
• 3.1% of male students had two or more sexual partners, compared to 0.7% of female students.
• 56.0% of students who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months used a condom during their most recent encounter.

2.6. Pregnancy Among Adolescents

• 0.3% of students were either pregnant or had been a sexual partner in a pregnancy.
• Male students (0.5%) were more likely than female students (0.1%) to report being a sexual partner in a pregnancy.

2.7. HIV/AIDS Awareness

• 55.5% of students were taught how to prevent the transmission of HIV.
• 33.3% of students were taught the importance of kindness and support for persons living with HIV/AIDS.
• 28.2% of students had talked with their parents or guardians about HIV/AIDS and sexual education.
• 26.7% of students were taught about the effectiveness of condoms.
• 19.9% of students reported poor teaching on how to refuse sexual intercourse without a condom.

Conclusion

The GSHS survey in Tajikistan provides critical insights into the health behaviors and risk factors among students aged 13-15. It highlights significant gender differences in tobacco and alcohol use, mental health challenges, and sexual behaviors. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and improved education on health and safety issues, particularly in schools and families, to address these concerns effectively.