世界经济论坛-安全驾驶倡议：创建安全自主车辆政策（英文）-2020.10-21页_6mb

Safe Drive Initiative Summary

Core Content

The Safe Drive Initiative is a global effort led by the World Economic Forum to develop a cohesive and effective policy framework for autonomous vehicles (AVs). The initiative aims to support policymakers in creating a regulatory environment that ensures AV safety while enabling innovation and commercial deployment.

The report outlines the current state of AV development and policy across different jurisdictions, emphasizing the need for a standardized and multistakeholder approach to AV safety assessment. It highlights the challenges faced by regulators in keeping up with the rapid technological advancements and the lack of consensus on safety metrics and validation processes.

Main Points

1. Global Consensus on AV Safety Milestones

• There is limited global agreement on defining safety milestones for AVs due to the dependence on the operating environment.
• Safety metrics vary widely, and AV developers are often reluctant to share data, leading to a fragmented industry landscape.

2. AV Development Landscape

• The industry has focused on three main applications: ride-hailing, delivery, and individual ownership.
• Delivery and trucking represent high-potential use cases for AVs, especially due to the increasing demand for last-mile delivery and long-haul logistics.

3. Current AV Policy Approaches

• Self-certification: AV companies self-assess their safety and submit reports to regulators, with minimal formal oversight.
• Code of practice: Regulators issue guidance without formal permits, focusing on safety expectations and public engagement.
• Operational safety assessment: Formal evaluations are conducted in controlled or real-world environments, often with a graduated approval process.
• Type approval: Harmonized safety standards are set by international bodies like UNECE, focusing on cross-market consistency.

4. Regulatory Challenges

• Policymakers face difficulties in keeping pace with AV development and ensuring public safety.
• The absence of a unified regulatory framework creates hurdles for AV developers aiming to operate across different jurisdictions.

5. Need for a Multistakeholder Framework

• A collaborative approach involving regulators, AV developers, safety experts, and the public is essential for creating a safe and effective AV policy.
• The SafeDI (Safe Drive Initiative) framework aims to provide a structured, scenario-based method for AV safety validation.

Key Information

2.1 Defining Verification Methods

• Simulation: Digital twins of roads used to test AV systems under various conditions.
• Test track: Controlled environments that mimic real-world driving for safer verification.
• Naturalistic on-road testing: Testing on public roads with a safety driver or remote operator, posing the highest risk.

2.2 Reference Terms

• Automated driving system: Hardware and software capable of performing the dynamic driving task.
• Autonomous vehicle (AV): A vehicle that operates as a Level 4 or 5 system without human intervention.
• Dynamic driving task: Real-time functions required for safe on-road operation.
• Operational design domain (ODD): Specific conditions under which an AV is designed to operate.
• Scenario-based assessment: Evaluation of AV performance against predefined scenarios within its ODD.

Case Studies

4.1 USA - Self-Certification

• The US federal government has not established a national AV law, leaving it to states and local authorities to set their own regulations.
• California has a stringent AV permitting programme, requiring detailed safety assessments and reporting of disengagements and collisions.
• Arizona has a more permissive approach, allowing AV testing without a safety driver and with minimal oversight.

4.2 United Kingdom - Code of Practice

• The UK uses a code of practice to guide AV testing, with minimal amendments to existing traffic laws.
• This approach allows for more flexibility but lacks formal permitting and independent validation.

4.3 Singapore - Operational Safety Assessment

• Singapore has implemented a structured operational safety assessment process for AVs.
• This includes testing on public roads and simulation, with a focus on safety and performance validation.

4.4 Discussion

• The lack of a unified approach creates regulatory patchworks that complicate AV deployment.
• Self-certification is common but criticized for not providing sufficient safety assurance.
• A standardized framework is needed to support AV development and ensure public safety.

Synthesis

5.1 Opportunities

• A standardized safety validation approach can reduce regulatory uncertainty and support AV expansion.
• Harmonized policies can enable cross-jurisdictional testing and deployment, fostering innovation and commercialization.

5.2 Addressing the Safety Gap

• The current gap in AV safety policy is due to the absence of common metrics and validation methods.
• A multistakeholder framework can help bridge this gap by involving diverse perspectives in policy development.

5.3 Objective of SafeDI Framework

• The SafeDI framework aims to provide a structured, scenario-based method for AV safety validation.
• It seeks to balance regulatory rigor with industry flexibility, ensuring safety without stifling innovation.

Conclusion

The Safe Drive Initiative emphasizes the need for a clear, top-down vision for AV policy to guide the development and deployment of safe autonomous vehicles. It advocates for a multistakeholder, scenario-based approach to validation that can be adapted across different jurisdictions while promoting global harmonization. The initiative highlights the importance of collaboration between regulators, industry, and the public to ensure AV technologies are safe, reliable, and ready for widespread use.