2000年-世界发展银行全球_DSM_in_Thailand___A_Case_Study_24页_1mb

DSM in Thailand: A Case Study Summary

Core Content

The document provides an overview of Thailand's Demand-Side Management (DSM) Program, which was initiated in 1993 under the Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). The program aimed to reduce electricity demand growth, promote energy efficiency, and improve the delivery of cost-effective energy services. The program was implemented by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), with support from the National Energy Policy Office (NEPO) and other agencies.

Main Objectives

• Implement energy efficiency and load management programs to benefit consumers and the country.
• Educate and raise awareness about energy conservation among electricity users.
• Encourage local manufacturers and importers to produce or import energy-efficient appliances.
• Build institutional capacity in the electricity sector and related private sectors to deliver energy services effectively.

Key Programs and Results

1. Fluorescent Tube Lamps (FTLs)

• Sector: Residential, Commercial
• Description: EGAT negotiated with manufacturers to switch from T-12 to T-8 lamps, supported by a public campaign.
• Incentive: Public advertising campaign, no financial incentives.
• Status: All manufacturers switched to T-8 lamps within one year; public acceptance was significantly improved.

2. Refrigerators

• Sector: Residential, Commercial
• Description: Voluntary labeling scheme based on energy efficiency, with a rating scale.
• Incentive: Public campaigns to promote level 5 labels.
• Status: 84% of refrigerators now have level 5 labels; 21% reduction in energy consumption. Level 5 models are slightly less efficient than U.S. Energy Star models.

3. Air Conditioners (ACs)

• Sector: Residential, Commercial
• Description: Voluntary labeling based on energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 7.4.
• Incentive: Interest-free loans and rebates for retailers.
• Status: Only 38% of ACs have level 5 labels; mandatory labeling not yet achieved due to industry resistance.

4. Green Buildings

• Sector: Commercial
• Description: Energy audits and efficiency retrofits for lighting, cooling, and building envelopes.
• Incentive: Free audits and certification for hotels.
• Status: 240 designated buildings; only 34 audits approved due to delays. Four demonstration projects implemented.

5. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

• Sector: Residential, Commercial
• Description: Bulk distribution of CFLs with marketing support.
• Incentive: Subsidized pricing.
• Status: Over 900,000 CFLs sold at 40% below market price.

6. Street Lighting

• Sector: Municipal
• Description: Pilot program using high-pressure sodium vapor (HPS) lamps.
• Incentive: Subsidy for HPS lamps.
• Status: 275,000 lamps installed; future promotion depends on cost reductions.

7. Green Leaf (Hotels)

• Sector: Commercial (Hotels)
• Description: Certification of energy-efficient hotels.
• Incentive: Free workshops and audits.
• Status: 59 hotels rated; 6 received the highest rating (5 green leaves).

8. High-Efficiency Motors (HEMs)

• Sector: Industrial
• Description: Testing, labeling, and demonstrations to promote HEMs.
• Incentive: Promotional campaigns and interest-free loans.
• Status: 62 motors procured for testing; only 4 HEMs purchased by customers.

9. Low-Loss Ballasts

• Sector: Commercial, Residential, Industrial
• Description: Promotion of new low-loss ballasts.
• Incentive: Labeling and informational campaigns.
• Status: 545,000 labels distributed; program on hold due to funding issues.

10. Pilot ESCO

• Sector: Industrial
• Description: Demonstration of Energy Service Company (ESCO) models.
• Incentive: EGAT bore development and audit costs.
• Status: Four audits completed; negotiations with ECF ongoing.

11. Industrial Cost Reduction

• Sector: Industrial
• Description: Retrofits and efficiency investments in industrial premises.
• Incentive: Audits, technical advice, and access to ECF funding.
• Status: 30 audits conducted; future depends on HEM and ESCO programs.

12. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

• Sector: Commercial, Industrial
• Description: Action plans and workshops to support efficiency measures in SMEs.
• Incentive: Workshops, brochures, and concessional financing.
• Status: 14 demonstration projects conducted; large-scale implementation pending.

13. Load Management

• Sector: Commercial, Industrial
• Description: Voluntary programs to manage loads via stand-by generation, interruptible load, and time-of-use tariffs.
• Incentive: Concessional tariff schemes.
• Status: 190 customers interested; programs on hold due to capacity surplus.

14. Thermal Storage

• Sector: Commercial
• Description: Demonstration of a 350 kW thermal storage system.
• Incentive: Construction of the demonstration facility.
• Status: Technology testing completed; future promotion depends on financial viability.

15. Attitude Creation

• Sector: Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Educational
• Description: Publicity campaigns and educational initiatives in schools.
• Status: Substantial awareness raised; 87% of survey respondents aware of energy efficiency; over 200 Green Learning Rooms operational.

Key Findings and Lessons Learned

• Successes: The DSM Program has achieved significant energy savings and awareness, particularly in lighting and refrigeration sectors.
• Challenges: Limited impact in air conditioners and industrial sectors, due to high incremental costs and industry resistance.
• Adaptation: EGAT shifted from financial incentives to voluntary negotiations and marketing campaigns, which better aligned with local culture.
• Partnerships: Strong collaboration with TISI, NEPO, and other agencies was crucial for program success.
• Funding: The program was supported by a mix of grants and loans, including the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Australia, and Japan.
• Evaluation: The DSMO initially relied on engineering estimates but later incorporated market surveys and data analysis for more accurate impact assessments.

Future Prospects

• The DSM Program has demonstrated the potential of energy efficiency initiatives in Thailand.
• Continued collaboration with private and public sectors is essential for future success.
• Improvements in audit processes and financing mechanisms are needed to enhance program effectiveness.
• The program serves as a model for other developing countries, especially in Asia, in promoting sustainable energy practices.