2009年-世界发展银行全球_The_Potential_of_Regional_Power_Sector_Integration___Manantali_Generation_Case_Study_36页_1mb

Summary of the Manantali Hydroelectric Dam Case Study

Core Content

The Manantali Hydroelectric Dam project is a significant example of regional power sector integration in West Africa, involving Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania. The project was initiated in the 1970s by the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS), a joint initiative of the three countries. The dam, located in Mali, was completed in 1987, while the Diama Dam, designed to prevent saltwater intrusion and manage water levels, was built at the same time. The hydropower component of Manantali was delayed until 2001, when the Regional Hydropower Development Project (RHDP) was launched.

The dam has a storage capacity of 11 BCM and an installed hydropower capacity of 200 MW, with electricity distributed as follows: 52% to Mali, 33% to Senegal, and 15% to Mauritania. The annual average energy output from Manantali between 2003 and 2006 was 767 GWh, with tariffs varying between 4.1 € cents/kWh and 5.4 € cents/kWh during that period.

The project aimed to enhance economic development, irrigation, navigation, and flood control. The Manantali Interconnected Network (RIMA) and the OMVS Interconnected Network (RIO) were established to support electricity trade and regional infrastructure. The project also included an Environmental Impact Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (PASIE) to address environmental and social concerns.

Main Objectives and Motivations

• Economic development: Increase electricity supply and reduce costs for the three countries.
• Agricultural support: Improve irrigation and reduce seasonal water variability to support farming.
• Energy security: Enhance the reliability and efficiency of power systems.
• Regional cooperation: Promote shared infrastructure and benefit sharing across borders.

Key Information

Economic and Political Context

• All three countries (Mali, Senegal, Mauritania) are low-income economies in West Africa.
• Mali is landlocked and heavily reliant on hydroelectricity (57% of its energy in 1997).
• Senegal has a higher electrification rate (33% in 2007) but still faces challenges in meeting demand.
• Mauritania has traditionally been an oil importer but became an oil producer in 2006.

Supply and Demand

• Installed capacity increased significantly from 394 MW (1985) to 959 MW (2006).
• Electricity consumption per capita remains low (41 kWh in Mali, 206 kWh in Senegal, 112 kWh in Mauritania).
• Energy demand in the region was estimated to be 46% unmet in 2007.

Tariff and Revenue Mechanism

• The revenue model includes a fixed payment and an indexed tariff based on Mali’s inflation rate.
• The global fixed payment is US$18 million per year.
• The average effective tariffs varied between 4.1 € cents/kWh and 5.4 € cents/kWh from 2002 to 2006.

Institutional Arrangements

• OMVS was the initial organization responsible for the project.
• A special-purpose entity, SOGEM, was formed to manage the hydropower and transmission assets.
• Eskom Energie Manantali (EEM), a subsidiary of South Africa’s Eskom, was contracted to operate the hydropower station under a 15-year management agreement.

Challenges and Issues

• Debt service was a major challenge, as utilities often failed to make timely payments.
• Environmental and social issues arose, particularly from the reduction of seasonal floods and the spread of bilharzia.
• The benefit sharing mechanism was designed to ensure equitable distribution, but actual benefits to the population were uneven due to changes in usage and the absence of some planned benefits like river transport.

Future Plans

• The West African Power Pool (WAPP) is expected to expand, integrating the OMVS network into a subregional grid.
• Similar hydropower projects on the Senegal River and Gambia River are planned.
• The OMVS system expansion is a key component of future regional integration efforts.

Methodology and Allocation

• The Adjusted Separable Cost Remaining Benefits Methodology (ASCRB) was used to allocate benefits.
• The key (benefit distribution agreement) was established through discussions among the three countries.
• Despite some benefit shortfalls, the agreement was maintained due to the perceived importance of the energy component.

Conclusion

The Manantali project highlights the potential and complexities of regional power sector integration, particularly in developing countries. It demonstrates the importance of cooperation, institutional frameworks, and benefit sharing in managing large-scale infrastructure. While the project has delivered electricity and improved regional energy security, it also underscores the need for sustainable financing, equitable benefit distribution, and effective governance to ensure long-term success.